World History II SOL People Review

Renaissance & Reformation

1. Leonardo da Vinci

Ultimate Renaissance Man Painter, scientist, sculptor, architect Paintings: Mona Lisa & Last Supper

2. Michelangelo

2. Michelangelo Painted the Sistine Chapel Architect: St. Peter’s Basilica Sculpted David & Pieta

3. Shakespeare

3. Shakespeare English playwright May be greatest of all time Works include: Hamlet, Othello, Julius Caesar, MacBeth, Sonnets

4. Erasmus

4. Erasmus Dutch humanist Challenged worldliness of Church practices Wrote The Praise of Folly –Humor –Exposed ignorance & immoral behavior of people

5. Gutenberg

5. Gutenberg Developed printing press –Used movable type (China) –First book: Gutenberg Bible

6. Jan Hus

Predecessor of Protestant Movement Burned at the stake for heresy

7. John Wycliffe

English translation of Bible One of first to challenge Catholic Church

8. Martin Luther

8. Martin Luther Wrote 95 Theses Opposed selling of indulgences Taught salvation came through faith alone Founder of Lutheran church

9. John Calvin

9. John Calvin Influenced by Martin Luther French protestant Predestination

10. King Henry VIII

10. King Henry VIII English king who broke ties with Catholic Church Catholic church refused to give him a divorce Established the Anglican church

11. Elizabeth I

11. Elizabeth I Restored Protestantism to England Established Anglican church as state church Daughter of Henry VIII

Explorers

12. Prince Henry

12. Prince Henry Prince Henry the Navigator Portugal Opened a navigation school Pioneer in exploration

13. Vasco da Gama

13. Vasco da Gama Portuguese Explorer First to go around the “tip of Africa”

14. Christopher Columbus

14. Christopher Columbus Explored for Spain Attempted to find short route to India Landed in the Americas

15. Hernando Cortez

15. Hernando Cortez Spanish explorer Conquered the Aztec Empire in 1521

16. Francisco Pizarro

16. Francisco Pizarro Spanish Explorer Conquered the Inca Empire in 1532

17. Ferdinand Magellan

Spanish explorer Crew was first to circumnavigate the world Claimed the Philippines for Spain 17. Ferdinand Magellan

18. Sir Francis Drake

18. Sir Francis Drake English Pirate Led English in victories over Spanish Armada Second person to circumnavigate the globe

19. Jacques Cartier

19. Jacques Cartier French explorer Discovered the St. Lawrence River in Canada

Scientific Revolution

20. Nicolaus Copernicus

20. Nicolaus Copernicus Developed helio-centric theory (sun is center of universe) Condemned=belief challenged teaching of Church—earth center of universe

21. Johannes Kepler

21. Johannes Kepler Astronomer Discovered planetary motion Proved Copernicus’s theory

22. Galileo Galilei

22. Galileo Galilei Astronomer Used telescope to support the heliocentric theory Condemned by church because conflicted with church teachings

23. Isaac Newton

23. Isaac Newton Mathematician & Physicist Laws of gravity Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Pendulum theory

24. William Harvey

24. William Harvey Discovered circulation of blood in the body

Absolute Monarchs

25. Louis XIV

25. Louis XIV Most powerful ruler in French history Built the palace of Versailles Limited power of nobles: in court, excluded from councils

26. Cardinal Richelieu

26. Cardinal Richelieu French leader—”ruler of France” Increased power of middle class Changed focus of Thirty Years War from religious to political: protect French interests

Peter the Great

Peter the Great Russian czar Westernization of Russia Modernized military

Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell Puritan general in English Civil War Led capture, trial, and execution of Charles I

Charles I English monarch Forced to sign Petition of Rights Overthrown by Cromwell First European monarch to be tried & executed by his own people

Charles II

Charles II Son of Charles I Returned to throne after death of Cromwell Restoration

William & Mary

William & Mary Constitutional monarchy English Bill of Rights Glorious Revolution

Enlightenment Thinkers

Thomas Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes Leviathan Believed that the state must have central authority to manage behavior Social contract theory

John Locke

John Locke Two Treatises on Government Monarchs not chosen by God People are sovereign Power & authority rests with the people Natural rights: life, liberty, & property

Montesquieu

Montesquieu Spirit of Laws Separation of Powers “checks and balances”

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract Government is a contract between rulers & people Direct democracy

Voltaire

Voltaire Separation of church & state Religious toleration Freedom of thought & expression

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson Influenced by Enlightened thinkers (Locke) American Wrote the American Declaration of Independence

French Revolution

Louis XVI

Louis XVI Weak French king Monarchy ended with French Revolution Executed during Reign of Terror

Napoleon

Napoleon Came to power during French Revolution Powerful military dictator/emperor Attempted to create an empire by conquering Western, then Eastern Europe Established Napoleonic Code of laws Defeated at Waterloo

Revolutionaries

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Toussaint L’Ouverture Revolutionary leader Led independence movement in Haiti Defeated the armies of Spain, France, and Britain

Simon Bolivar

Simon Bolivar Liberated northern areas of Latin America Native-born resident who led revolutionary efforts

Miguel Hidalgo

Padre started the Mexican independence movement.

James Monroe

Monroe Doctrine was issued by American President, James Monroe in Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent. The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.

Simon Bolivar Revolutionary leader Led independence movements in South America

Romantics

Johann Sebastian Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach German musician Composer from Baroque music era

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Austrian musician Led movement in Romantic & Classical music Work: Marriage of Figaro

Eugene Delacroix

Eugene Delacroix French painter One of most important leaders in the Romantic movement of painting

Miguel de Cervantes

Miguel de Cervantes Spanish novelist Work: Don Quixote

Unification

Count Cavour

Count Cavour Prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia Unified northern Italy Won victories against Austria Helped Garibaldi to unite rest of Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi Assisted by Cavour United southern Italy to northern Italy Leader of “red shirts”

Otto von Bismark

Otto von Bismark Prussian prime minister Unified German provinces through war & nationalism Realpolitik

Industrial Revolution

James Watt

James Watt Inventor of the steam engine

Eli Whitney

Eli Whitney Inventor of the cotton gin

Henry Bessemer

Henry Bessemer Inventor of the Bessemer process=cheaper production of steel

Edward Jenner

Edward Jenner Developed the smallpox vaccine

Louis Pasteur

Louis Pasteur Discovered bacteria Invented process of pasteurization

James Hargreaves

Spinning Jenny

Adam Smith

Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations Scottish economist “laissez-faire” economics Government not need to interfere with economy Father of capitalism

Karl Marx

Karl Marx Communist Manifesto Radical socialism Father of Communism “haves” & “have-nots” (bourgeoisie & proletariat) Workers would eventually revolt-equal society

Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels Co-author of Communist Manifesto Das Capital

World War I

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Archduke Franz Ferdinand Heir to Austrian-Hungarian crown Assassinated in 1914 Spark that began WWI-immediate cause

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Kaiser Wilhelm II Kaiser of Germany during WWI

Woodrow Wilson

Woodrow Wilson US president during WWI 14 Points –Self-determination –Free seas –League of Nations

Tsar Nicholas II

Tsar Nicholas II Czar of Russia during WWI Last czar of Russia-executed with family Lost power during Revolution of 1917

Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Lenin Leader of Bolshevik Revolution Replaced imperial power with communism

World War II

Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin Russian leader during WWII Succeeded Lenin Tried to modernize Russia Great Purge-genocide

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler Dictator of Nazi Germany Aggression led to WWII Policy of ethnic cleansing-final solution=12 million dead Holocaust Committed suicide

Benito Mussolini

Benito Mussolini Leader of fascist Italy during WWII Allied with Hitler Took control of Ethiopia

Hirohito

Hirohito Emperor of Japan during WWII Campaign of aggression during first half of 20 th century Surrendered at end of WWII Allowed to remain in power by allies

Hideki Tojo

Hideki Tojo Japanese premier under Hirohito One of the Masterminds of attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 Japanese General in charge

Franklin D Roosevelt

Franklin D Roosevelt US President during most of WWII Led US out of Great Depression

Harry Truman

Harry Truman US President at end of WWII Authorized use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki Issued the Truman Doctrine: containment of communism

Dwight D Eisenhower

Dwight D Eisenhower Allied commander in Europe D-Day commander US President at the end of the Korean War

Douglas MacArthur

Douglas MacArthur US General in Pacific theatre of war “Island-hopping” Occupied Japan at end of WWII US General during most of Korean War

George Marshall

George Marshall Created Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe US General during WWII

Winston Churchill

Winston Churchill Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII Kept morale of British up during Battle for Britain Coined phrase “iron curtain”

Cold War

John F. Kennedy

Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Averted WWIII

Margaret Thatcher

British Prime Minister Free trade and less government regulation of business Close relationship with United States and U.S. foreign policy Asserted United Kingdom’s military power

Mikhail Gorbachev

Glasnost and perestroika Fall of the Berlin Wall Last president of Soviet Union

Asian Dictators

Pol Pot

Pol Pot Communist dictator of Cambodia Leader of Khmer Rogue Genocide of his own people

Chiang Kai-shek/Jiang Jieshi

Chiang Kai-shek/Jiang Jieshi Leader of Nationalist China Exiled government set up in Taiwan: Republic of China Fought Mao in civil war

Mao Tse-Tung/Mao Zedong

Mao Tse-Tung/Mao Zedong Communist leader of the People’s Republic of China Great Leap Forward

Deng Xiaoping

Reformed communist economy to market economy leading to rapid economic growth Communist control of government continued

Ho Chi Minh

Ho Chi Minh Leader of Communist North Vietnam Led forces in Vietnam war against the South

Independence Leaders

Mohandas Gandhi

Mohandas Gandhi Leader of Indian Independence Movement Use of passive resistance/nonviolence Salt march

Jawaharlal Nehru

a close associate of Gandhi supported western style industrialization

Indira Gandhi

Closer relationship between India and the Soviet Union during the Cold War Developed nuclear program

Kenyatta

Kenyatta Leader of Kenya during independence movement First president of Kenya

Nelson Mandela

led Black South Africans’ struggle against apartheid became the first black President of the Republic of South Africa.

Golda Meir

Prime Minister of Israel After initial setbacks, led Israel to victory in Yom Kippur War Sought support of United States

Gamal Abdul Nasser

President of Egypt Nationalized Suez Canal Established relationship with Soviet Union Built Aswan High Dam

Religious Leaders

Siddhartha Guatama

Siddhartha Guatama The Buddha Founder of Buddhism

Asoka

Asoka Sent missionaries & writings to China & parts of Asia Responsible for spread of Buddhism

Jesus

Jesus Son of God/Messiah New testament is the life & teachings of Jesus

Muhammad

Muhammad Founder of Islam Prophet Established 5 pillars of Islam

Ancient Civilizations

Mayans

Mayans Southern Mexico/Central America Predecessors of Aztecs Mayan calendar

Aztecs

Aztecs Central/Southern Mexico Fierce warriors Human sacrifices Defeated by Cortes

Incas

Incas Modern day Peru Complex cities Defeated by Pizarro