Chapter 9 Carbon Chemistry

Bellwork If there are only two types of compounds…what do you think they are?

9.1 Carbon Compounds Compounds are divided into 2 groups: – Those that chemists make – Those that organisms make Called organic compounds

*This chapter discusses those made by organisms, and those created by scientists to mimic or combine properties of those found in nature.

Organic Compounds All OC’s contain carbon and hydrogen and usually a few other elements Millions of different oc’s 90% of all known compounds are oc’s

Forms of Carbon The element carbon exists in several different forms All have different properties and the carbon atoms have different bonds – Diamond – Graphite – Fullerenes

Diamond Made of covalent bonds called a network solid Network makes a strong, compact, 3 dimensional shape

Graphite Soft and slippery Atoms are widely spaced Bonds are weak between layers Used as machinery lubricant and pencil lead

Fullerenes Created when some carbon compounds burn Looks like a cage or soccer ball Graphite Computers L2mXY L2mXY

Saturated Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon: organic compound that only contains carbon and hydrogen Saturated hydrocarbon/alkane: all bonds are single bonds and contain the max amount of hydrogen for each carbon. – Most end in ane. Methane, propane

Factors that Determine Properties of a Hydrocarbon Factors that Determine Properties of a Hydrocarbon: – # of carbon atoms – how they are arranged Methane has one carbon atom, while asphalt has 30

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: hydrocarbon that has one or more double or triple bonds 3 types: – Alkenes – Alkynes – Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Alkenes Names of alkenes end in -ene Many fruit plants produce ethene, controls the rate at which fruit ripens Some plastics are produced by reactions involving ethene

Review 1. What are the two types of compounds? Those that chemists make Those that organisms make Called organic compounds 2. All OC’S contain _________ and _______ Hydrogen and carbon

Review 3. What are some of the different types of carbon? Diamonds, graphite, fullerenes 4. How are they different? Their bonds and their properties are different 5. What Factors Determine Properties of a Hydrocarbon? # of carbon atoms how they are arranged

Review 6. What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons? Saturated only have full, single bonds Unsaturated have one or more double or triple bonds

Bellwork How might ethylene/ethene gas be useful to produce distributers? Don’t remember? Look back at your notes

How do we use this

Alkynes End in –yne Most reactive hydrocarbon compounds Used to weld Increased temperature of flame will melt most metals Up to 6332 degrees Fahrenheit!

Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels: mixtures of hydrocarbons that formed from remains of plants and animals Type of fuel: Depends on the material and conditions which it decayed 3 types: – Coal – Natural Gas – Petroleum

Coal Form from plants in ancient swamps Compounds have a high ratio of carbon to hydrogen – Therefore they produce more soot than other fuels

Natural Gas Formed from the remains of marine organisms Contains methane and other alkanes Found in deposits near/with coal and petroleum

Petroleum Also formed from marine organisms Contains complex alkanes and alkenes Must be refined to be useful

Petroleum Distillation To refine petroleum, it is heated to vaporization The vapors condense as they cool Different hydrocarbons condense at different temperatures Different hydrocarbons are collected at different points in the condenser

Petroleum Refinery

Combustion of Fossil Fuels Primary products of fossil fuel combustion are water and carbon dioxide Partial combustion of fossil fuels can produce harmful gases like carbon monoxide or tiny carbon particles. It can also increase the chemicals in the atmosphere which may increase the acidity of precipitation.

Complete section 9.1 assessment in your notebook Write the questions and answers in your notebook. Due tomorrow

9.2 Substituted Hydrocarbons Substituted hydrocarbons: a hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen has been replaced with a different element Functional Group: substituted atoms/group of atoms Examples include: Alcohols Organic Acids & Bases Esters

Alcohols Compounds end in –ol Functional group is hydroxyl, OH Some alcohols may be mixed with gasoline to help it burn more completely

Organic Acids Names of compounds end in –oic Functional group is a carboxyl group, COOH Tend to have sharp tastes and strong odors Vinegar is a solution of water and ethanoic acid

Esters Esters form when organic acids react with alcohols Water also forms from this reaction Esters are used in many processed foods to produce flavors like strawberry, grape, banana

Complete the section 9.2 assessment Write all questions and answers in your notebook Due tomorrow

9.3 Polymers Polymer: a large molecule that forms when many smaller molecules are linked together by covalent bonds. Monomer: the smaller molecules that link together to make a polymer

Polymers may be natural or synthetic Organisms make polymers, as do chemists in laboratories Cotton and silk are natural polymers, while fleece is synthetic

Synthetic Polymers Properties of a polymer: depend on the type and number of monomers in a polymer. Examples: 1: Rubber 2: Nylon 3: Polyethylene

Rubber Rubber can be collected from the sap of trees in tropical regions It is a limited resource Chemists during WWII began using hydrocarbons from petroleum to create synthetic rubber

Synthetic Rubber FFQI FFQI

Nylon Synthetic fiber made to try to replace silk. zCBQ zCBQ

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Polyethylene Forms when the hydrocarbon ethene (ethylene) links together The more carbon atoms in the chain, the stronger the polymer Milk jugs, plastic wrap, other plastic materials are polymers

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9.4 Reactions in Cells Explain why we burn oils, fats, and fuels. Energy is transferred and converted from one form to another in cellular chemical reactions 2 main types of cellular reactions: – Photosynthesis – Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis During photosynthesis: energy from sunlight is concerted into chemical energy When all reactions are complete the energy from the sunlight has been stored in the covalent bonds of molecules

Photosynthesis

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Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration: When the energy stored in the products of photosynthesis is released A series of complex chemical reactions Needed for your body to ANYTHING.

Cellular Respiration In this reaction, glucose is reacting with oxygen – We get the glucose (broken down and absorbed during digestions) from our food – plants get glucose from photosynthesis – We get the oxygen from breathing – plants get oxygen from photosynthesis Fat has twice the energy as carbohydrates

Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration

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