Paper presentation Presented on G y a n j y o t i 2009 Presented By Pushpendra&Prashant(p&p)

 Introduction to Nanotechnology  Nanotechnology is defined as fabrication of devices with atomic or molecular scale precision. Devices with minimum feature sizes less than 100 nanometers (nm) are considered to be products of nanotechnology. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter (10-9 m) and is the unit of length that is generally most appropriate for describing the size of single molecules. The nanoscale marks the nebulous boundary between the classical and quantum mechanical worlds; thus, realization of nanotechnology promises to bring revolutionary capabilities. Fabrication of nanomachines, nanoelectronics and other nanodevices will undoubtedly solve an enormous amount of the problems faced by mankind today.  Nanotechnology is currently in a very infantile stage. However, we now have the ability to organize matter on the atomic scale and there are already numerous products available as a direct result of our rapidly increasing ability to fabricate and characterize feature sizes less than 100 nm. Mirrors that don't fog, biomimetic paint with a contact angle near 180°, gene chips and fat soluble vitamins in aqueous beverages are some of the first manifestations of nanotechnology. However, immenant breakthroughs in computer science and medicine will be where the real potential of nanotechnology will first be achieved.  Nanoscience is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to bring about mature nanotechnology. Focusing on the nanoscale intersection of fields such as physics, biology, engineering, chemistry, computer science and more, nanoscience is rapidly expanding. Nanotechnology centers are popping up around the world as more funding is provided and nanotechnology market share increases. The rapid progress is apparent by the increasing appearance of the prefix "nano" in scientific journals and the news. Thus, as we increase our ability to fabricate computer chips with smaller features and improve our ability to cure disease at the molecular level, nanotechnology is here.

What is Nanotechnology? A Basic definition: Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced. In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products

 General-Purpose Technology  Nanotechnology is sometimes referred to as a general-purpose technology. That's because in its advanced form it will have significant impact on almost all industries and all areas of society.  It will offer better built, longer lasting, cleaner, safer, and smarter products for the home, for communications, for medicine, for transportation, for agriculture, and for industry in general.  Imagine a medical device that travels through the human body to seek out and destroy small clusters of cancerous cells before they can spread.  Dual-Use Technology  Nanotech will offer greatly improved efficiency in almost every facet of life. But as a general- purpose technology, it will be dual-use, meaning it will have many commercial uses and it also will have many military uses—making far more powerful weapons and tools of surveillance. Thus it represents not only wonderful benefits for humanity, but also grave risks.benefitsrisks  A Key understanding of nanotechnology is that it offers not just better products, but a vastly improved manufacturing process.  A computer can make copies of data files—essentially as many copies as you want at little or no cost. It may be only a matter of time until the building of products becomes as cheap as the copying of files. That's the real meaning of nanotechnology, and why it is sometimes seen as "the next industrial revolution."

Richard Feynman  I want to build a billion tiny factories, models of each other, which are manufacturing simultaneously... The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws; it is something, in principle, that can be done; but in practice, it has not been done because we are too big. — Richard Feynman, Nobel Prize winner in physics

Nanoelectronics holds some answers for how we might increase the capabilities of electronics devices while we reduce their weight and power consumption. Some of the nanoelectronics areas under development, which you can explore in more detail by following the links provided in the next section, include: Improving display screens on electronics devices. This involves reducing power consumption while decreasing the weight and thickness of the screens. Increasing the density of memory chips. Researchers are developing a type of memory chip with a projected density of one terabyte of memory per square inch or greater. Reducing the size of transistors used in integrated circuits. One researcher believes it may be possible to "put the power of all of today's present computers in the palm of your hand"."put the power of all of today's present computers in the palm of your hand" Nanoelectronics: Applications under Development Researchers are looking into the following nanoelectronics projects: Using electrodes made from nanowires that would enable flat panel displays to be flexible as well as thinner than current flat panel displays.nanowires that would enable flat panel displays to be flexible

.  One area of nanotechnology application that holds the promise of providing great benefits for society in the future is in the realm of medicine. Nanotechnology is already being used as the basis for new, more effective drug delivery systems and is in early stage development as scaffolding in nerve regeneration research. Moreover, the National Cancer Institute has created the Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer in the hope that investments in this branch of nanomedicine could lead to breakthroughs in terms of detecting, diagnosing, and treating various forms of cancer.  Nanotechnology medical developments over the coming years will have a wide variety of uses and could potentially save a great number of lives. Nanotechnology is already moving from being used in passive structures to active structures, through more targeted drug therapies or “smart drugs.” These new drug therapies have already been shown to cause fewer side effects and be more effective than traditional therapies. In the future, nanotechnology will also aid in the formation of molecular systems that may be strikingly similar to living systems. These molecular structures could be the basis for the regeneration or replacement of body parts that are currently lost to infection, accident, or disease.

Nanotechnology in Medicine: Applications under Development QdotsQdots that identify the location of cancer cells in the body. NanoparticlesNanoparticles that deliver chemotherapy drugs directly to cancer cells to minimize damage to healthy cells. NanoshellsNanoshells that concentrate the heat from infrared light to destroy cancer cells with minimal damage to surrounding healthy cells. Nanocrystalline silver is being used as a antimicrobial agent in the treatment of wounds.anocrystalline silver

 One of the major developments in biotechnology has been the characterization of the structural/functional correlates of biopolymers. This white paper addresses the potential uses of biopolymers as self-assembling monolayers, as electronic and photonic conductive elements and as molecular motors. Interest in the material properties of biopolymers arises from:  Their low cost of production in single cell growth chambers  Their self assembly properties;  The environmental compatibility of aqueous systems used for biopolymer  The ability to use genetic engineering for transfer of genes to bacteria or plants.  The self assembling monolayers can serve as matrices for electronic and photonic conductive elements having 1-10 nanometer thicknesses and mm lengths. Biopolymers can function as transducers of light to electric pulses (photon/electron transducers) with applications in information storage and retrieval. Some biopolymers function as molecular motors having dimensions on the 10 nanometer scale. The technological challenges that must be overcome for cost effective production of end items will also be considered.  Biopolymers and biomimetics have several advantages over many other materials. Many have evolved with the capacity to self-assemble into organized structures. The dimensions of the biopolymers and of functional biopolymeric assemblies (e.g. molecular motors, electron/photon conducting elements, light transducers) are on the nanometer scale (10’s of Angstroms). Electron and photon conducting biopolymers have been selected for properties of self- assembly in membrane systems.

 · Nanomaterials (e.g., nanotubes) in uniforms and equipment to make them stronger and lighter could lead to nanofiber-like materials that break off from uniforms and equipment and enter the body and environment ·  Nanoparticles as surface coverings to make it harder, smoother, and/or more stealthy could erode and be inhaled by military staff and the general population  · Nanomaterials used as filters to remove selected impurities from fluids could become very low in cost and hence ubiquitous, and result in many small but discrete concentrations of possibly toxic impurities  For the period of 2010 to 2025, potential uses and hazards include:  · Artificial blood cells (respirocytes) that dramatically enhance human performance could cause overheating of the body, bio-breakdowns, and their excretion could add to the environmental load. · Large quantities of smart weapons — especially miniaturized, robotic weapons and intelligent, target-seeking ammunition without reliable remote off-switches could lead to unexpected injury to combatants and civilians, destruction to infrastructure, and environmental pollution.  · Small receptor-enhancers designed to increase alertness and reduce the reaction times of humans could cause addiction and/or subsequent Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, leading to weakness, neural damage, and death.

 Nanotechnology is about rearranging atoms whichever way we want  If we rearrange the atoms in coal, we get diamonds. If we rearrange the atoms in sand (and add a pinch of impurities) we get computer chips. If we rearrange the atoms in dirt, water and air we get grass.  The technology allows us to work on a macroscopic scale.  We could make a Cadillac that weighed fifty kilograms, or a full-sized sofa you could pick up with one hand.  We could make surgical instruments of such precision and deftness that they could operate on the cells and even molecules from which we are made — something well beyond today’s medical technology.  Atom computers  Military applications  Precision Manufacturing  Material Re Miniaturization  Pharmaceutical Creation  Disease Treatment  Nanomachine-assisted Surgery  Toxin Cleanup  Recycling  Resource Consumption Reduction  Improved transportation  Often called nanotechnology, molecular nanotechnology or molecular manufacturing, it will let us make most products lighter, stronger, smarter, cheaper, cleaner and more precise. Manufacturing

 Nanotechnology may offer new ways of working for electronics. Nanotechnology science is developing new circuit materials, new processors, new means of storing information and new manners of transferring information. Nanotechnology can offer greater versatility because of faster data transfer, more “on the go” processing capabilities and larger data memories.  A new field is emerging in electronics that will be a giant leap in computer and electronics science. It is the field of quantum computing and quantum technology. Quantum computing is area of scientific knowledge aimed at developing computer technology based on the principles of quantum theory. In quantum computing the “qbit” instead of the traditional bit of information is used. Traditionally, a bit can assume two values: 1 and 0. All the computers up-to-date are based on the “bit” principle. However, the new “qbit” is able to process anything between 0 and 1. This implies that new types of calculations and high processing speeds can be achieved.processing speeds  Quantum computers have been more of a research area until now. But recently, the first quantum computer has been built in the United States, according to a recent paper published on the prestigious scientific journal Nature Physics. This new computer is said to achieve unseen processing speeds to the tune of a billion times per second, making this the fastest chip on earth.the first quantum computer

 The flip side to these benefits is the possibility of assemblers and disassemblers being used to create weapons or being used as weapons themselves, or for them to run wild and wreak havoc. Other less invasive, but equally perilous, uses of nanotechnology would be in electronic surveillance. Potential dangers include:  Weapons  Miniature Weapons and Explosives  Disassemblers for Military Use  Rampant Nanomachines  The Gray Goo Scenario  Self Replicating Nanomachines  Surveillance  Monitoring  Tracking

It would be difficult to deny the potential benefits of nanotechnology and stop development of research related to it since it has already begun to penetrate many different fields of research. However, nanotechnology can be developed using guidelines to insure that the technology does not become too potentially harmful. As with any new technology, it is impossible to stop every well funded organization who may seek to develop the technology for harmful purposes. However, if the researchers in this field put together an ethical set of guidelines (e.g., Molecular Nanotechnology Guidelines) and follow them, then we should be able to develop nanotechnology safely while still reaping its promised benefits