States that if the volume and temperature of a fixed amount of gas do not change, the pressure also remains constant. The Ideal Gas Law.

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Presentation transcript:

States that if the volume and temperature of a fixed amount of gas do not change, the pressure also remains constant. The Ideal Gas Law

 Equation:  Where P = pressure  V= volume  n = the number of moles of gas in the sample  R = the universal gas constant (8.314 J/mol ·K)  T = temperature in degrees Kelvin.

Work required for a gas piston In this diagram the pressure exerted by gas is upward and in order to push the piston downward work must be done on the piston.

Solving for Work  (where dx is the distance change of the piston)  Since Pressure = Force/Area then Force = Pressure * Area  Therefore the equation can go to:  (where V = volume)  So for a gas, work is the product of the pressure P and the volume V during a change of volume.

Temperature Scales: KelvinCelsiusFahrenheit Absolute Zero Freezing Point Boiling Point Equations to change between different units of temperature: Kelvin ↔ Celsius: T c = T k − 273 Fahrenheit ↔ Celsius: T c = (5/9)*(T f − 32) Celsius ↔ Fahrenheit: T f = (9/5)*(T c + 32)

Thermal Expansion of Solids & Liquids  If thermal expansion is sufficiently small relative to an object’s initial dimensions, the change in any dimension is, to a good approximation, proportional the temperature change. Suppose an object has an initial length Li along some direction at some temperature and the length increases by an amount ∆L for a change in temperature ∆T.  Because it is convenient to consider the fractional change in length per degree of temperature change, we define the average coefficient of linear expansion as:

Thermal Expansion cont.  Experiments show that α is constant for small changes in temperature. For purposes of calculation, this equation is usually rewritten as:  Average volume expansion is very similar:

Specific Heat  The specific heat c of a substance is the heat capacity per unit mass.  From this definition: We can relate the energy Q transferred between a sample of mass m of a material and its surroundings to a temperature change ∆T as

Energy transferred to a substance during a Phase Change   Where L = Latent Heat (varies by substance/ chart on p.573)  Latent heat of fusion L f is the term used when the phase change is from solid to liquid and latent heat of vaporization L v is the term used when the phase change is from liquid to gas.