Matter

1. Matter-Anything that takes up space and has mass. 2. Mass is the measure of the amount of matter an object contains. A balance measures mass Weight is a measure of the pull of gravity on the matter in an object; *spring scales measure weight (pull of gravity) **Weight can change but mass does not 3. Volume-how much space an object occupies Regular objects (definite shapes): V=lwh *a box, table, ice cube, etc. Irregular shapes: displacement of water *beans in a graduated cykinder

1.Kinetic Theory-explains how particles in matter behave ➔ All matter is made of particles ➔ Particles are in constant, random motion ➔ Particles collide with each other and the walls of the container 2. Determined by temperature-this determines particle arrangement and amount of energy in matter a.Solid-have a definite volume and definite shape; molecules vibrate in place-low kinetic energy b.Liquid-No definite shape but definite volume; molecules move slowly (kinetic energy increases) c.Gas-no definite shape or volume; move very fast with high kinetic energy

Kinetic energy increases as heat is added-this is Thermal Expansion …..Particles expand as they heat and contract when cooled YOU MAY WANT TO DRAW THIS Water is the exception to this rule. It expands as it loses heat.

What states of matter are represented in the photograph?

Makes up 99% of the visible universe The most common form of matter A charged gas full of energy Plasma can be found in the Sun and … Stars and … Lightning d. Plasma-a special state

a. Changing states requires a change in pressure or temperature b. Processes of change 1. gas to liquid 2. liquid to solid 3. solid to liquid 4. Liquid to gas condensation freezing (freezing point) melting (melting point) evaporation (slow), boiling (Boiling point), vaporization (fast)

1. Fluid-anything that flows gas or liquid 2. Buoyancy-the ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on any object immersed in it. This is called Buoyant force 3. Basic Principles a. Archimedes the buoyant force = weight of fluid displaced (moved out) by an object. In other words….if its weight is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced…it floats!

b. Pascals-Pressure applied to a fluid is unchanged throughout-like squeezing a toothpaste tube or pistons in an engine c. Bernouillis-As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases. Example is the flow of air over an airplane wing changes with design

4. Laws a. Boyles Law-As the volume of a gas decreases, the pressure increases IF the temperature does not change Ex…..Helium balloons, scuba tanks b. Charles Law-as the temperature of a gas increases, the volume increases IF the pressure does not change Ex…….Hot air balloons, football, basketball

1. Materials differ in terms of the kind of matter they contain. 2. Matter that has a uniform and definite composition is called a substance. Substances can be identified as either an element, compound, or a mixture.

A pure substance that cannot be broken down any further contain just one type of atom Atoms are the smallest part of an element Symbol-represents an element Examples might be Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H).These 4 are necessary to all life

Atoms are extremely small. You do not need to memorize these but they are good trivia for possible EC it would take a stack of about 50,000 aluminum atoms to equal the thickness of a sheet of aluminum foil from your kitchen. if you could enlarge a penny until it was as wide as the US, each of its atoms would be only about 3 cm in diameter – about the size of a ping-pong ball a human hair is about 1 million carbon atoms wide. a typical human cell contains roughly 1 trillion atoms. a speck of dust might contain 3x10 12 (3 trillion) atoms. it would take you around 500 years to count the number of atoms in a grain of salt. C-C-C-C-C-… + 999,995 more 1 trillion atoms . Is made of approximately 3 trillion atoms Just one of these grains

contains two or more different atoms joined together. a molecule and it is the smallest part of a compound a chemical reaction is needed to separate elements in a compound. Examples would be water, salt, sugar Represented by formulas: H 2 O, NaCl, C 6 H 12 O 6

Molecule-2 or more atoms combined This can be the same kind of atoms or different atoms. ozone water Atoms and molecules are always in motion

c. mixture 1. A mixture contains two or more different substances that are only be physically joined together, not chemically. A mixture can contain both elements and compounds. There are two kinds of mixtures. Homogenous a. Homogenous -equal parts; evenly mixed solutions like saltwater or koolaid. Homogeneous -uneven mix of parts. Many settle out depending on weight. Examples might include milk, muddy water and salad dressing b. Homogeneous -uneven mix of parts. Many settle out depending on weight. Examples might include milk, muddy water and salad dressing

1. Properties used to describe matter can be classified as: a. Extensive – depends on the amount of matter in the sample - Mass, volume, calories are examples b. Intensive – depends on the type of matter, not the amount present - Hardness, Density, Boiling Point

2. Types of properties are… a. Physical Properties- a property that can be observed and measured without changing the material’s composition (identity). -Examples- color, hardness, melting point, boiling point, texture, odor, size b. Chemical Properties- a property that can only be observed by changing the composition (identity) of the material. -Examples- ability to burn, decompose, ferment, react with oxygen, etc.

. 1. Physical change- A type of change that alters a material without changing it’s chemical composition. Boil, melt, cut, bend, split, crack Is boiled water still water? Is a cut piece of wood still wood? Can be reversible, or irreversible

2. Chemical change - a change where a new substance is formed that is different than the original  Examples: Burning, corroding, decomposing  Evidence of a chemical change include  Energy (light, heat or both) is absorbed or released  Endothermic-heat is absorbed cooling temperatures  Exothermic-heat is released raising temperatures and often giving off light  Color changes  Gas production (bubbling, fizzing, or odor change; smoke)  Odor change-spoiled milk