Human Growth and Development Human growth and development is the study of how people change as they go through life.Human growth and development is the study of how people change as they go through life. Development is similar for everyone, but each person grows and develops at an individual rate.Development is similar for everyone, but each person grows and develops at an individual rate.

Areas of Development Physical development - all the bodily changes that occur as a person grows and ages. Intellectual development - a person’s ability to learn something and then apply this knowledge to new problems and experiences. Emotional development - changes in a person’s ability to establish a unique identity and express feelings. Social development - learning to interact with other people.

Hierarchy of Human Needs A psychologist named Abraham Maslow developed a system of basic human needs.A psychologist named Abraham Maslow developed a system of basic human needs. Hierarchy of human needs:Hierarchy of human needs: ▫Food, shelter, bodily comfort ▫Safety, security ▫To feel loved, have a sense of belonging ▫Self-esteem, approval ▫Desire to live up to one’s potential

Erik Erikson

Erik Erikson’s Theory of Personality Development Life is a series of 8 stages from birth to deathLife is a series of 8 stages from birth to death Must meet challenge or crisis of each stage.Must meet challenge or crisis of each stage. Positive outcome / negative outcomePositive outcome / negative outcome How you meet challenge affects personality development.How you meet challenge affects personality development.

Stage 1: Trust and Mistrust Birth to One Year Positive outcome love, affection and stable environment = trust Negative outcome mistreated, abused or neglected = mistrust.

Stage 2: Autonomy and Doubt Ages One to Three Seek to control self & environment. Positive outcome Freedom to explore = autonomy or self confidence Negative outcome No freedom = feeling of worthlessness.

Stage 3: Initiative and Guilt Ages Three to Five Child expresses desire to take initiative in activities Positive outcome Master peer relationships and language Master peer relationships and language Negative outcome Child develops feelings of guilt that will affect self-directed activity throughout life

Stage 4: Industry and Inferiority Ages Six to Eleven Child develops cognitive abilities to enable in task completion (school work, play) Positive outcome Self discipline and development of natural talents. Negative outcome Feeling of inferiority.

Stage 5: Identity and Identity Confusion Ages Twelve to Eighteen Form ego identity & self-image Positive outcome Build sense of identity/self, who they are, what they want to do, what they believe in. Negative outcome No identity = identity confusion

Stage 6: Intimacy and Isolation Ages Nineteen to Thirty five Work to build intimacy and mutual caring. Positive outcome Marriage and children Negative outcome No intimacy = loneliness and isolation.

Stage 7: Generativity and Stagnation Ages Thirty five to Fifty Active involvement in contributing something lasting to world. Positive outcome Raise children, activities, community service Negative outcome Unable to contribute = boredom, restlessness, feeling that life is useless.

Stage 8: Integrity and Despair Ages Fifty and Up Evaluation of entire life Positive outcome Look back on life with contentment. Negative outcome Good perspective on life. No integrity = despair.

Summary No one moves through all 8 stages with only successes.No one moves through all 8 stages with only successes. Successes need to outnumber the failures.Successes need to outnumber the failures. Can become stuck in a stage.Can become stuck in a stage. Struggle to create a healthy personality is what makes life satisfying.Struggle to create a healthy personality is what makes life satisfying.