Chapter 3- Immunity and Abnormal Response

In which of the following tissues would you expect healing to occur most slowly? A. a. bone A. a. bone B. Skeletal Muscle B. Skeletal Muscle C. Epithelium C. Epithelium D. Cartilage D. Cartilage

Immune/Lymphatic Systems Job Description: Provide SPECIFIC defense in response to particular substances Job Description: Provide SPECIFIC defense in response to particular substances Basic components: lymphatic structures (lymph nodes) and immune cells. Basic components: lymphatic structures (lymph nodes) and immune cells.

Immune Response Distinguishes between “self” and “non- self” Distinguishes between “self” and “non- self” Will (normally) ignore “self” stuff and destroy “non-self” stuff Will (normally) ignore “self” stuff and destroy “non-self” stuff Q: How does it know what’s what? Q: How does it know what’s what? A: ANTIGENS A: ANTIGENS

Question Phagocytosis is the process by which neutrophils and macrophages Phagocytosis is the process by which neutrophils and macrophages A. Helps block entry of bacteria into body from external environment A. Helps block entry of bacteria into body from external environment B. Engulf and destroy bacteria, or foreign matter B. Engulf and destroy bacteria, or foreign matter C. Assist in the first line of defense C. Assist in the first line of defense D. Aide the body in packaging bacteria to the circulatory system D. Aide the body in packaging bacteria to the circulatory system

Antibodies that “match” the antigen’s shape will be stored in memory cells for future reference (usually, but not always). Antibodies that “match” the antigen’s shape will be stored in memory cells for future reference (usually, but not always). Once marked by antibodies, phagocytosis and the inflammatory response will take care of the rest. Once marked by antibodies, phagocytosis and the inflammatory response will take care of the rest. Cancer example Cancer example

Components- a detailed look MUST KNOW ALL OF THESE!!! Antigens (A.K.A. immunogens)- foreign substances or human cell surface antigens (unique for all people except identical twins). Antigens (A.K.A. immunogens)- foreign substances or human cell surface antigens (unique for all people except identical twins). –Usually made of proteins or polysaccharides (combination is called glycoprotein) –Activate the immune system –“Self” antigens are inherited (called MHCs- major histocompatibility complexes)

Review Question A monocyte is a- A monocyte is a- a. red blood cell a. red blood cell b. white blood cell b. white blood cell c. both c. both d. neither d. neither

Components cont. Did I mention that you need to know all of these? Cells of the immune system Cells of the immune system –Macrophage- Phagocytic cells who present the antigens to the lymphocytes, thus initiating the immune response. (the informants)

Cells of the immune system(cont.) Cells of the immune system(cont.) –Lymphocytes (WBCs)  T lymphocytes- ‘T’ is for thymus where they mature –Directly destroy invading antigens (killer or CYTOTOXIC T cells), helper T cells control immune response (most important are called CD4-AIDS), memory t-cells –“Cell mediated immunity”  B lymphocytes- ‘B’ is for bone marrow where they mature –Humoral immunity-antibodies or immunoglobulins –Natural Killers- Just destroy because they can

Which of the following adaptive changes is considered to be the most dangerous? a. atrophy a. atrophy b. dysplasia b. dysplasia c. metaplasia c. metaplasia d. hypertrophy d. hypertrophy

Antibodies Also called immunoglobulins Also called immunoglobulins Proteins that bind to specific antigens, destroying them. Proteins that bind to specific antigens, destroying them. –IgG –IgM –IgA –IgE –IgD

T lymphocytes arise from? Stem cells Stem cells Thyroid cells Thyroid cells Glycoproteins Glycoproteins Plasma cells Plasma cells

Activated during an immune reaction with Activated during an immune reaction with IgG or IgM IgG or IgM Complements are inactive protein components of the blood. They are numbered C1-C9 and are activated by immunoglobulins Complements are inactive protein components of the blood. They are numbered C1-C9 and are activated by immunoglobulins Chain reaction occure to lyse the cell Chain reaction occure to lyse the cell Complement System

Chemical mediators Histamine Histamine Prostaglandins Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Leukotrienes These chemicals have a variety of functions, such as signaling a cellular response or causing cellular damage These chemicals have a variety of functions, such as signaling a cellular response or causing cellular damage

Review Question Which cells are phagocytic? Which cells are phagocytic? 1. neutrophils 1. neutrophils 2. lymphocytes 2. lymphocytes 3. monocytes 3. monocytes 4. macrophages 4. macrophages –1 –1, 3 –2, 4 –1, 3, 4

Acquiring Immunity TypeMechanismMemoryExample Natural Active Pathogens cause illness; antibodies form Yeschickenpox Artificial Active Vaccine; antibodies form Yes MMR vaccine; booster Natural Passive Pass from mother to child No Placenta/mil k ArtificialPassive Antiserum antibodies injected for temporary help No Rabies/ snake antivenom

Transplant Rejection Type of transplant Description Allograft Same species, similar genetics Isograft 2 identical bodies: identical twins, clones? Autograft One part of own body to another (skin graft) Xenograft Two different species

Hypersensitivity reactions Are unusual (stimulate inflammatory response) Are unusual (stimulate inflammatory response) 4 basic types: 4 basic types: –Type 1 –allergic reaction (ex. Hay fever) –Type 2- cytotoxic (ex. ABO blood incompatibility) –Type 3- immune complex (ex. Rheumatoid arthritis) –Type 4-Cell mediated or delayed (ex. Transplant rejection –Turn to pg 57, 58

Anaphylaxis or Anaphylactic Shock Severe, life threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction resulting in decreased blood pressure, airway obstruction, sever hypoxia Severe, life threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction resulting in decreased blood pressure, airway obstruction, sever hypoxia Causes: Causes: –Insect stings –Ingestion of nuts or shellfish –Local anesthetic injections –Administration of penicillin

HIV Human immunodeficiency virus (retrovirus- contains RNA) Human immunodeficiency virus (retrovirus- contains RNA) First case recognized 1981 First case recognized 1981 Core contains 2 strands of RNA and enzyme reverse transcriptase, coat lipid envelope studded with “spikes” of glycoproteins that it uses to attach to human cells Core contains 2 strands of RNA and enzyme reverse transcriptase, coat lipid envelope studded with “spikes” of glycoproteins that it uses to attach to human cells Once inside human host cell, viral RNA is converted by the viral enzyme into viral DNA- NOW IT CONTROLS THE HUMAN CELL AND PRODUCES MORE VIRUS PARTICLE! Once inside human host cell, viral RNA is converted by the viral enzyme into viral DNA- NOW IT CONTROLS THE HUMAN CELL AND PRODUCES MORE VIRUS PARTICLE! HIV targets the T cells HIV targets the T cells Diagnosis: presence of HIV antibodies in the blood Diagnosis: presence of HIV antibodies in the blood

Question: Where are antibodies made? Where are antibodies made? A. Thymus A. Thymus B. RBC’S B. RBC’S C. Plasma cells C. Plasma cells D. Antigen’s D. Antigen’s

How Transmitted? Sexual intercourse Sexual intercourse Blood and other body fluids Blood and other body fluids Breastfeeding Breastfeeding