Violence and Suffering Persist in the new Republic of China p. 405 Sun Yixian (Sun Yat Sen)

EC: The “two evils” kept China from progress in the 1920s: Warlord uprisings Foreign imperialism

Republic Under Sun Yixian, China became a republic in EC: The Republic of China had three goals that looked impossible to achieve: Nationalism Democracy Economic security for everyone

EC: warlords Powerful men raised private armies, (2) –taking control of the local economies, –defying the government in Peking (Beijing.) These warlords’ armies fought each other. How did they treat the local people? (2) –stole from peasants –abused innocent peasants.

Japanese Pressure After WWI, Japan gained more lands in East Asia from Germany and Russia. Japan moved in on China. Twenty One Demands: 1915, Japan forced/offered an agreement that would make China a protectorate of Japan. –China resisted on only a few points, and Japan gained more power over it.

Chinese nationalists grew angrier May Fourth Movement: 1919, students in Peking protested the government’s weakness with the foreigners. They and other intellectuals demanded changes: EC: Strengthen China: (2) –Reject Confucian traditions –Learn from the West EC: Women took part in the movement: (2) access for women to jobs access for women to education

Reformers sought to end foot-binding…..foot-binding A practice done by families of any property and wealth, even lower class families. Foot was deliberately deformed from infancy into late childhood by parents. Claimed to romantically pleasing/fashionable. Actually a way to ensure immobility of women as wives, almost guaranteeing all children will be the husbands’. Being foot-bound increased the chances of marrying into a wealthier family…..

Vanguard: the elite or first leaders of a new movement. Early Chinese communists were students and military officers.

The Soviet Union sent Bolshevik agents to China Lenin started the _________ to spread Communist Revolution globally –Comintern (Communist International) They helped Chinese communists plan to: (4) –develop their party, –spread their ideas, –gain supporters, –overthrow the government.

Sun Yixian was still active by His party moved the capital to Nanjing, southern China Guomindang: The Chinese Nationalist Party. EC: It had several goals: (3) –Raise an army –Defeat the warlords –Unite China under one government

EC: Most peasants hated the Guomindang troops: (4) Demanded information and support Seized food Raped women Seized or stole other property/money

Allies against Japanese Invasion, 1930s China, represented by Jiang and the Guomindang, got foreign help— (3) –The Soviet Union sent advisors and equipment –Hitler’s Germany sold it weapons and uniforms. –economic support came from Britain, France, and the United States. American volunteers flew American planes for the Chinese Air Force.

EC: Sun’s dictatorial successor. Yuan Shikai. Instead of being democratic, Yuan took control, attempting to be the new emperor. Yuan died in the country was divided and chaotic.

Chaos In the 1920s and early 1930s, many parts of China were in famine as the armies had taken all the food. –Some people turned to banditry. The national economy and security collapsed. EC: During and after World War I, fewer of the imperialist nations ran larger parts of China (4) –Britain –France –United States –Japan

Help for Sun Sun hoped that the Western imperialists would help, but they would not. EC: Sun turned to the ________ for help. –Soviet Union EC: The Soviet leader, _______, agreed, but only if _________ (3) Lenin –Sun allowed Chinese communists to be part of his government. Sun agreed.

Standards Check, p. 406 How did warlord uprisings and foreign imperialism lead to the May Fourth Movement? May Fourth Movement, 1919 The warlord uprisings weakened China Japan made moves further into China Chinese were angry at their weak government.

Sun died in 1925, _______________________ took control of the Guomindang –Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai Shek) Jiang was a corrupt dictator, –He continued the effort to gain total control of the country.

1926 By 1926, Jiang had defeated all the warlords. Jiang was jealous of ________________ growth. –Communist Party In 1927, Jiang kicked them out of the government. –He ordered his troops to slaughter them in Shanghai. They defended themselves, but were on the run. –This started the 22-year long –Chinese Civil War.

A Rising Leader A young, ex-peasant, _________, was one of the surviving Communists. Mao Zedong, –He became a leader as they reorganized. –He believed that there was not enough proletariat (industrial/office workers) in China to gain supporters. He wanted to recruit from the large peasant population.

Comparing Viewpoints, 407 Who does each person think should lead China? Jiang: –Government should have one strong leader, (himself) Mao: –Government should be run by the peasant masses

Communist Tact During the civil war, Mao made sure Communist troops…. (3) –paid people for food and supplies –offered help to rebuild –Gave medical treatment to peasants. Communists settled in Southeast China and raised a new force. –They had many recruits from anti- Guomindang people.

Standards Check, p. 407 How did the Communists manage to survive Jiang’s “extermination campaigns”? The Long March…. Communists retreated from Guomindang to remote northern China Used guerrilla tactics to survive.

Map Skills, What natural features made the Long March difficult? Rivers, mountains 3 Describe the relationship between the Guomindang and the Communists. The Guomindang joined forces with the Communists to fight….. –Warlords –The Japanese Otherwise, the Guomindang continued to try to destroy the Communists and mistreat the people.

EC: Japan’s Aggression : Took control of Manchuria. 1937: attacks China Jiang Jieshi had to fight two wars. (2) –the Communists –The Japanese Japan was successful in taking many parts of northeast and east China.

Uneasy Alliance Some in the Guomindang made Jiang do the unthinkable to fight Japan: –they wanted him to join forces with the Communists as a united front. He did, but neither side trusted the other.

Japanese Atrocities Japanese troops committed savage atrocities against areas that resisted them. The most notable was the “Rape of _______”. Nanjing –Japanese troops, could not find Chinese soldiers who were dressed as civilians, –They went after everyone in the city: Shooting Bayoneting Raping, torturing, and murdering –Over 200,000 people died, and more wounded, in two days.

Civil War on Hold The Guomindang and Communists stopped fighting to join and fight Japan. –EC: It would erupt again when Japan is defeated in what year? –1945.

Standards Check, p. 409 How did the Japanese invasion help unify the Chinese temporarily? The Japanese threatened all Chinese, whether they were Communist or Guomindang. Causing them to unite.