Religion, Reform, and Conflict

New Movement Influenced by ideas of Luther and Ulrich Zwingli--Zurich – Led a Protestant movement in Switzerland Very close to Luther in most beliefs Zwingli killed in religious warfare in Switzerland—reform continued

Calvinism John Calvin described a totally new branch of Christian beliefs – Stressed the Bible—Faith alone led to salvation Theory of Predestination – “the elect”—Who would be saved and who would be damned. Development of a theocracy in Geneva Citizens lives were strictly controlled – No dancing, singing obscene songs, drunkenness, swearing, and playing cards. Church and state were the SAME

French Calvinists Many nobles converted to Calvinism— Huguenots – Possible threat to the Catholic monarchy St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre – 1572—Thousands of Huguenots killed in France Civil war develops in France

Henry VIII King henry VIII—king of England – Initially defended the Church against Luther – Earned the title “Defender of the Faith” Henry VIII splits with the Church over his marriage – Wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon— Only a daughter and no son. – Forms his own Church with himself as leader, 1534 Act of Supremacy

Effects Thomas Moore is beheaded – Christian Humanist and Catholic…disagreed with the King!! Henry VIII dies in 1547—9 yr old son takes over…dies very soon.

Catholic or Protestant England?? Henry’s daughter Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)Mary Tudor – Tried to return to Catholicism – 300 Protestants burned as heretics – England was even more Protestant now. Queen Elizabeth I brought order to Church of England – Did not reject all of Church tradition – Middle road b/t Catholics and Protestants

Anabaptists Rejected Calvin’s idea of predestination Belief in free will and adult baptism – Only adults are baptized Belief based on the study of the bible Belief in the separation of Church and society – Not everyone will be believers Severely persecuted for their ideas about government—thought of as radicals!

Anabaptists Equally of all members led to group with no organized hierarchy Each group acted totally independent Elected own minister from among the believers Strong belief in pacifism— “thou shall not kill” Led to development of later groups such as Amish, Mennonites, Quakers, Baptists

Jesuits Society of Jesus…Jesuits – Strict loyalty to the Pope – Military like hierarchy – Missionary efforts – Renewed vows of poverty

Council of Trent ITS ABOUT TIME!! Council of reform called from Reaffirmed the Catholic traditions – Scripture and tradition – Faith and good works – Seven sacraments – Abolished pluralism – Forbids the sale of indulgences—BUT use of indulgences still allowed.

Results of Reformation Religion underwent a needed reform Effectively split the Church in to Catholic and Protestant – Southern Europe= Catholic – Northern Europe= Protestant Power of the Catholic Church declines Stronger governments