PERSONALIZED MEDICINE

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PERSONALIZED MEDICINE THERAPY THERA DIAGNOSTIC NOSTIC Pour commencer merci à chacun d’être présent et d’assister à cette projection. Phillipe Péchon, Aymeric Mahieu et moi-même Charlotte Labyt, allons vous aborder deux notions très récentes en médecine, à savoir le théranostic et la médecine personnalisée. On parle de médecine personnalisée lorsque l’on résèrve un traitement à une sous catégorie de patients plus susceptible de répondre à ce traitement qu’à une autre. L’identification de patients réponseurs permet en outre une prescription plus ciblée et plus sûre, des coûts de santé mieux orientés. Pour selectionner les patients répondeurs on utilise un test de diagnostic, celui-ci sera spécifique à l’utilisation d’une drogue. La combinaison d’un test de diagnostic et d’une thérapie est définie comme étant le théranostic LABYT Charlotte, MAHIEU Aymeric, PECHON Philippe

THERANOSTIC TARGETED THERAPY Trastuzumab (Herceptin®) breast cancer Cetuximab (Erbitux®) Panitumumab (Vectibix®)  colorectal cancer Le theranostic s’applique en grande partie pour les thérapies ciblées en cancerologie Le meilleur exemple pour vous introduire cette notion est le trastuzumab, herceptine, traitant le cancer du sein. C’est la première thérapie ciblée reservée à une sous catégorie a avoir obtenue une AMM conjointe pour le médicament et pour son test de diagnostic. On va très vite survoler cet exemple, juste pour montrer le schemas type de développement d’un couple medicament-test, requis par les autorités réglementaires. On verra que les procédures de développement du couple médicament-test doivent être structurées d’emblée et validées le plus en amont possible. On en viendra ensuite à l’erbitux et au vectibix, thérapie ciblée dans le cancer colorectal qui eux on rencontrés différents problèmes réglementaires, illustrant le décalage qu’il y a entre l’innovation thérapeutique et la réglementation, aussi bien au niveau de l’EMEA que de la FDA.

TARGETED THERAPY : HERCEPTIN® OVER-EXPRESSED IN 25% OF THE TUMORS MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY HER2 On en vient donc à l’herceptine, thérapie ciblée pour le cancer du sein Alors voyons comment ça marche : L’herceptine est un anticorps monoclonal qui va cibler un recepteur aux facteurs de croissance : l’HER2 Lors de la fixation de facteurs de croissances sur l’HER2, le recepteur se dimérise et active alors des voies de signalisation qui vont jusqu’au noyau pour activer la transcritpion de gènes codant pour la proliferation, la survie cellulaire, l’angiogénèse etc… Dans le cancer du sein, ce recepteur est surexprimé dans 25% des cas, cela induit une exagération et une exacerbation de la profiferation cellulaire et donc une croissance de la tumeur. L’herceptine va venir bloquer ce recepteur, empecher la fixation de liguand et donc empecher la dimérisation du recepteur, ce qui inhibe toutes les voies descendantes et stoppe la croissance tumorale. L’herceptine est efficace si la patiente surexprime le HER2. Owen MA, Horten BC, Da Silva MM (2004) HER2 amplification ratios by fluorescence in situ hybridization and correlation with immunohistochemistry. Clin breast cancer 5:63-69

TARGETED THERAPY : HERCEPTIN® Clinical trials on « HER2 + » population Herceptest® FDA/EMEA Approval: Herceptin’s labelling includes pathology test  THERANOSTIC Il y a donc eu ségrégation de la population lors des essais cliniques, qui n’ont été développés que chez les patients surexprimant l’HER2. Conséquence: pour mettre en évidence cette surepression et selectionner les patients répondeurs, il a fallut développer, en même temps que la drogue, un test qui permettait de diagnostiquer la surepression de l’HER2. Il y a eu co-developpement de l’herceptin et de l’herceptest (methode d’analyse immunohistochimique) Les essais cliniques se sont révélés probant et en 1998, c’est la première fois qu’une drogue est mise sur le marché accompagnée de son test de diagnostic. L’indication de l’herceptine incluse le test de diagnostic On parle alors de THERAGNOSTIC, qui désigne le fait de combiner une drogue et son diagnostic. A partir de là, Outre le cancer du sein, d’autres thérapies se sont développées suivant le même schema, notamment pour le traitement du cancer colorectal metastatique.

PERSONALIZED MEDICINE Colorectal cancer

COLORECTAL CANCER The fourth largest cause of cancer deaths worldwide The third most common cancer in developed countries 370,000 people in Europe/year Five-year survival rates: as low as 5% Le cancer colorectal metastatique représente un marché très important pour les anticancereux. C’est la 4ème cause de décès dûs aux cancers dans le monde C’est le 3ème cancer le plus fréquent dans les pays développés On recense plus de 370000 nouveaux cas de mCRC par an en Europe Les effets du cancer se manifestent à un stade avancé, où la survie à 5 ans est alors inférieure à 5%

COLORECTAL CANCER Before targeted therapies: First line regimens:  5FU/LV : Fluorouracil + levofolinate  FOLFIRI : Irinotecan + 5FU/LV Second line regimens:  FOLFOX : Oxaliplatin + 5FU/LV Avant l’arrivée des thérapies ciblées le cancer colorectal est traité par, en première ligne le régime folfiri : l’irinotecan un cytotoxique en combinaison avec le 5FU et en deuxième ligne le régime folfox qui remplace l’irinotecan par l’oxaliplatine, un agent alkylant

COLORECTAL CANCER new opportunities Monoclonal antibody : Anti-EGFR Over-expressed in 80% of the colorectal tumors Donc depuis le succès de l’herceptin pour le cancer du sein, se sont développées des thérapies ciblées pour le cancer colorectal De la meme famille que l’herceptin, on a vu le developpement d’anticorps monoclonaux qui ciblent cette fois ci un autre Rc au fact de croissance : l’EGFR Même mode d’action que precedemment, le recepteur joue un role dans la progression tumorale, il est surexprimé ici dans 80% des tumeurs L’anticoprs monoclonal vient alors bloquer ce repteur et bloquer la progresison tumorale. Exemple d’anticorps monoclonal : l’erbitux et le vectibix

Clinical trials : population EGFR+ COLORECTAL CANCER Clinical trials : population EGFR+ EGFR test : ICH Le développement de l’erbitux a donc été le même que l’herceptine, lors des essais cliniques il y a eu ségrégation de la population en fonction de la sur-expression ou non de l’EGFR. Il y a donc eu aussi co-développement d’un test detectant cette surexpression L’AMM à été accordée pour la drogue ET pour son test

Anti-EGFR : Cetuximab ERBITUX® Panitumumab VECTIBIX® COLORECTAL CANCER Anti-EGFR : Cetuximab ERBITUX® Panitumumab VECTIBIX®  recombinant, human/mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody ImClone/BMS/Merck Amgen

COLORECTAL CANCER : ERBITUX® Second line treatment: Patients with EGFR-expressing cancer: - FDA + EMEA : In combination with irinotecan  refractory to irinotecan - FDA : As a single agent  intolerant to irinotecan L’erbitux est alors indiqué en seconde ligne, avec comme restriction un usage reservé aux patients surexprimant l’egfr - en combinaison avec l’irinotecan chez les patients qui n’y répondent plus -la fda autorise la monothérapie chez les patients intolérents à l’irinotécan (alors que l’emea ne l’autorise pas) Donc là, meme schema que pour l’herceptin mais avec un succès moindre.

COLORECTAL CANCER : VECTIBIX® FDA : SECOND LINE Patients with EGFR-expressing cancer: - In combination with irinotecan  refractory to irinotecan - As a single agent  intolerant to irinotecan EMEA : NOT APPROVED !!

Discovery of New Factors affecting Erbitux/Vectibix response COLORECTAL CANCER Discovery of New Factors affecting Erbitux/Vectibix response Après l’autorisation de mise sur le marché, on a la découvertes de différents facteurs ayant un impact sur la réponse au traitement par le cetuximab

COLORECTAL CANCER Mutation in Kras protein Clinical trials: EGFR+ : response to erbitux  22,9% maximal response rate Mutation in Kras protein J Clin Oncol 23:1803-1810 Cancer Res 2006;66: (8). April 15, 2006 Après la mise sur le marché de l’erbitux, des études cliniques ont montré que le cetuximab avait aussi une activité chez les patients diagnostiqués comme ne sur-exprimant pas l’EGFR. Ces études révèlent donc, non pas que le cetuximab fonctionne chez une population EGFR-, mais que le test immuno-histochimique de l’EGFR n’est pas une méthode optimale pour diagnostiquer les patients pouvant bénéficier du traitement (des patients diagnostiqués comme EGFR- étaient en réalité EGFR+ et auraient donc dus bénéficier du traitement par l’erbitux) De plus, en 2004, des chercheurs français découvre une voie d’échapement au traitement. Il sagirait de la mutation de la protéine Kras impliquée dans la voie de signalisation de la croissance tumorale.

COLORECTAL CANCER KRAS MUTATION Voyons de plus près cette mutation

KRAS Kras is mutated in 35% of the colorectal tumors EGFR activated  Kras activated EGFR non activated  Kras non activated Kras is mutated in 35% of the colorectal tumors La protéine kras intervient dans la voie de signalisation de l’egfr, lorsque l’egrf est activé, il active la proteine kras qui active alors la transcrption de gène a l’origine de la proliferation cellualire. Quand l’egfr est au statut inactif, Kras est inactive aussi. Kras est mutée chez 35% des patients, quand kras est mutée, elle est continuellement sous forme active, quelque soit le statut de l’egfr, qu’il soit bloqué ou non, kras active continuellement la transcritpion de gène codant pour la progression cellulaire

KRAS Kras wild type Kras mutated mKRAS Donc, quand kras est sauvage, l’erbitux qbloque l’egfr sui n’active donc pas le kras et donc il n’y a pas l’activation de la proliferation cellulaire. Mais quand kras est muté, on voit bien que le blocage de l’egfr par le cetuximab n’a aucun effet, kras etant actif de façon permanente, il y aurait donc, en dépit du blocage, une progression tumorale. Les patients avec un kras muté de repondrai donc pas au cetuximab… Kras wild type Kras mutated

K-RAS mutation involvement in the clinical response to Anti-EGFR Cette mutation kras aurait donc un impact crucial dans la réponse au traitement par l’erbitux, 2 voies de réflexion sont alors possibles, la première c’est une réduction importante de la part de marché, on limitait déjà le traitement aux patients surexprimant l’egfr, il faut en plus éliminer les patients avec un kras muté. La seconde est telle qu’on a évaluer avant l’AMM, le cetuximab chez des patients qui pouvaient ne pas repondre au traitement car on avait pas évaluer le statut kras, si on refait des essais clinique que chez les patients avec un kras sauvage, on aurai un taux de réponse et d’efficacité bien meilleur et pourquoi pas un passage du traitement en première ligne! L’impact de la mutation est illustré dans différents essais cliniques First line treatment ? Market share

KRAS & ERBITUX Progression free survival Wild-type Kras Mutated Kras 27,3% 7,2 % L’un d’eux compare le cetuximab associé aux “best supportive care”, (c’est à dire les traitements autres que chimiothérapie (antidouleurs, antivomitifs etc) au “best supportive care” seuls…et ce chez des patients avec un kras muté ainsi que chez des patients avec un kras non muté. Chez les patients avec un kras muté, on voit bien que les patients ne répondent pas au cetuximab, qu’il y ai ou non de cetuximab la courbe est similaire on a une PFS à 1,9 mois Par contre, quand le Kras est sauvage, ie non muté, les patients répondent au traitement et on a une PFS qui passe à 3,7 mois Kaplan–Meier Curves for Progression-free Survival According to Treatment: Cetuximab as compared with best supportive care alone was associated with improved progression-free survival among patients with wild-type K-ras tumors but not among those with mutated K-ras tumors. The difference in treatment effect according to mutation status was significant (test for interaction, P<0.001). PFS: 3.7 months vs. 1.9 months Wild-type Kras Mutated Kras The new england journal of medicine october 23, 2008 vol. 359 no. 17

KRAS & VECTIBIX Progression free survival Mutated KRAS Wild-type KRAS 38,7 % 6,6 % The difference in median PFS in the KRAS wild-type group was 8 weeks. The progression-free survival rates at the first scheduled visit (week 8) in the KRAS wild-type group were 59.7% on Vectibix plus BSC and 21.0% on BSC alone, a difference of 38.7% [95% CI: 27.4, 50.0]. The difference in median PFS in the KRAS mutant group was 0 weeks. The progression-free survival rates at the first scheduled visit (week 8) in the KRAS mutant group were 21.4% on Vectibix plus BSC and 28.0% on BSC alone, a difference of -6.6% Mutated KRAS Wild-type KRAS EMEA:Annex 1 summary of product characteristics Vectibix panitumumab AMGEN

KRAS TEST Pour ces essais cliniques, Il existe de multiples méthodes de recherche de la mutation K-ras étaient diverses mais s’appliquent toutes sur de l’ADN tumoral amplifié par PCR. Il n’existe à ce jour pas de recommandation ni de consensus concernant la technique qui doit être utilisée. Chaque technique présente des caractéristiques différentes en terme de sensibilité, spécificité, coût, rapidité… Certains test sont des tests dit «maison », fait par les laboratoires, d’autre sont des tests commercialisés Génotypage k-ras : compter 1 à 2 semaines pour la réalisation du génotypage, si celui-ci est négatif (kras muté), une vérification s’impose par une technique différente soit 3 à 4 semaines pour le circuit complet à partir de la prescription.

KRAS TEST Many tests available, unknown quality Homebrew tests Commercial tests DxS Dakocytomotion CE mark in EU (not regulated by EMEA) FDA does not regulate KRAS tests yet

Knowledge of KRAS statut benefit ? For patients For payers

For patients PFS : Side-effects The length of time during and after treatment in which a patient is living with a disease that does not get worse. Side-effects

For patients In combination 2 cases : KRAS Wild-type KRAS Mutant FOLFIRI* FOLFIRI* + Cetuximab KRAS Mutant In combination * FOLFIRI = Irinotecan + 5FU/LV

++ 1,2 months

PFS : increase with addition of Cetuximab For patients KRAS Wild-type : PFS : increase with addition of Cetuximab = 1,2 months (p=0,017) Side effects : increase with addition of Cetuximab : Acne like rash, diarrhea KRAS mutant PFS: decrease with addition of Cetuximab = 0,5 months not significant (p=0,47) Side effects : increase with addition of Cetuximab : Acne like rash, diarrhea

For patients QALY : quality-adjusted life year A year in perfect health is considered equal to 1.0 QALY For example, a year bedridden might have a value equal to 0.5 QALY

For patients With addition of Cetuximab you live longer but with worst quality of life

For payers Incremental costs principally due to the cost of Cetuximab = 19 473 £

For Payers Cetuximab is very expensive in term of QALY (NICE generally accepts 30 000 £ per QALY) LY = Life Year

Interest of KRAS test for payers 65% of patients are KRAS Wild Type 35% of patients are KRAS mutant Save money for 35% of patients who will not profit of cetuximab Low over cost of the test price 300 £ to compare to 19 000 £ of a treatment Cost effectiness NHS Nice for the first line treatment of metastasic colorectal cancer

Key opinion leader Advice “ Treatment with cetuximab, which is relatively expensive, would be most cost-effective if it were given to patients with the highest chance of benefiting from it " (The new england journal of medicine)

ERBITUX® & VECTIBIX® EMEA FIRST LINE treatment of patients with EGFR-expressing, KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer In combination with chemotherapy Second line Single agent in patients refractory/intolerant to irinotecan FDA Did not change its position ! Malrgrès le fait que le test n’ai pas été co-développé avec la drogue, En 2008 l’emea a revu ses indications pour l’erbitux et y a integré le test KRAS et a autorisé la mise sur le marché du vectibix sous reserve du test kras. Ce n’est pas le cas de la FDA

FDA vs EMEA Why are EMEA and FDA looking at the same data and coming to different conclusions?

Chronology mCRC: Metastatic ColoRectal Cancer Feb 04: FDA approved Erbitux June 04: EMEA approved Erbitux Sept 06: FDA approved Vectibix May 07: EMEA rejected Vectibix Dec 07: EMEA approved Vectibix for mCRC WT KRAS June 08: EMEA approved Erbitux for mCRC WT KRAS Dec 08: FDA accepted retros-pective analysis mCRC: Metastatic ColoRectal Cancer WT: Wild-Type = non mutated Biocentury, The case for retrospection, december 22, 2008 Biocentury, The jury is no longer out, june 9, 2008

Issue FDA approved Vectibix in september 2006 EMEA rejected Vectibix in may 2007 EMEA approved Vectibix for KRAS WT in december 2007 FDA not eager to update Vectibix’s label Why are the FDA and EMEA looking at the same data and coming to different conclusions?

The case for Vectibix Equivocal clinical data: Feb 04: FDA approved Erbitux June 04: EMEA approved Erbitux Sept 06: FDA approved Vectibix Equivocal clinical data: 8% of mCRC patients response Survival prolonged by only a few weeks Failed to improve overall survival vs. BSC FDA granted approval EMEA more skeptical results « clinically modest, but highly significant » BSC: Best Supportive Care Nature Biotechnology; Looking forward, looking back; 26, 5, May 2008

EMEA’s opinion on Vectibix Feb 04: FDA approved Erbitux June 04: EMEA approved Erbitux Sept 06: FDA approved Vectibix May 07: EMEA rejected Vectibix Concerns about trial design Pivotal trial designed in collaboration with FDA Poor efficacy Highly toxic (89% dermatologic toxicity) AMGEN forced to discontinue a late-stage trial High price EMEA more cost-sensitive than FDA  Benefits did not outweigh risks (and costs…) Rejected by EMEA The Europeans have always considered the cost of the drug in relation to its efficacy; cost is not a factor in FDA approval.  One suspects that EMEA considers the cost of Vectibix to be out of sync with the efficacy results of the pivotal trial which were an extra 30 days until disease free progression and no survival benefit. these toxicities forced Amgen to discontinue another late-stage trial, which the company hoped would establish Vectibix as a first-line treatment for patients with colorectal cancer. Instead, the trial showed that the combination of the mAb with chemotherapy and Genentech’s Avastin (bevacizumab, which binds VEGF) increased adverse events and was less efficacious than controls. Nature Biotechnology; Looking forward, looking back; 26, 5, May 2008 Therapeuticsdaily.com

Seeing the light at the end of the tunnel? Feb 04: FDA approved Erbitux June 04: EMEA approved Erbitux Sept 06: FDA approved Vectibix May 07: EMEA rejected Vectibix Vectibix left as a second-line (if not third-line) treatment in the US Not marketed in Europe KRAS mutated patients known to be resistant to Erbitux (another EGFR inhibitor) Then, AMGEN retrospectively genotyped patients’ tumors Retrospective analysis showed difference in response rate Nature Biotechnology; Looking forward, looking back; 26, 5, May 2008

KRAS & VECTIBIX Progression free survival Mutated KRAS Wild-type KRAS 38,7 % 6,6 % The difference in median PFS in the KRAS wild-type group was 8 weeks. The progression-free survival rates at the first scheduled visit (week 8) in the KRAS wild-type group were 59.7% on Vectibix plus BSC and 21.0% on BSC alone, a difference of 38.7% [95% CI: 27.4, 50.0]. The difference in median PFS in the KRAS mutant group was 0 weeks. The progression-free survival rates at the first scheduled visit (week 8) in the KRAS mutant group were 21.4% on Vectibix plus BSC and 28.0% on BSC alone, a difference of -6.6% Mutated KRAS Wild-type KRAS EMEA:Annex 1 summary of product characteristics Vectibix panitumumab AMGEN

EMEA’s conditionnal approval Feb 04: FDA approved Erbitux June 04: EMEA approved Erbitux Sept 06: FDA approved Vectibix May 07: EMEA rejected Vectibix Dec 07: EMEA approved Vectibix for mCRC WT KRAS EMEA’s Scientific Advisory Group on Oncology found the findings « interesting » but only « exploratory »… Nevertheless, EMEA granted approval for KRAS WT patients in tandem with a test Conditional approval: Availability of a test Prospective data from 2 large Phase 3 trials Exploratory = susceptible de générer des hypothèses de travail SAG = Groupe Scientifique Consultatif Nature Biotechnology; Looking forward, looking back; 26, 5, May 2008 Biocentury, Proof is in the pudding, march 31, 2008

 Results expected late 2009 Ongoing studies AMGEN’s PRIME trial AMGEN’s 181 trial Working along with DxS  Results expected late 2009

Why is the FDA reluctant? Feb 04: FDA approved Erbitux June 04: EMEA approved Erbitux Sept 06: FDA approved Vectibix May 07: EMEA rejected Vectibix Dec 07: EMEA approved Vectibix for mCRC WT KRAS Retrospective data = hypothesis generating Sampling bias Selective data dredging Would create a « free-for-all » Need for well-designed prospective trials Unlike EMEA, FDA regulates diagnostics Many commercial/homebrew tests Nature Biotechnology; Looking forward, looking back; 26, 5, May 2008 Biocentury, Proof is in the pudding, march 31, 2008

AMGEN’s counterarguments Sample size similar to the original trial (427 vs 463 patients) Original pre-specified endpoints Vectibix already on US market, KRAS marker has a high clinical significance Strong biological rationale Saves the expenses and side-effects of futile therapy Idea of KRAS mutation emerged late after trials was started (2006) In cases like this, in which the test merely excludes nonresponding patients, is the extra level of regulation really necessary? Nature Biotechnology; Looking forward, looking back; 26, 5, May 2008

Place for an alternative? Create an alternative regulatory pathway Little safety risk attached to the diagnostic Provisional approval based on retrospective data might be granted if: Endpoints pre-specified Sampling non-biased Provide prospective data later By adopting such a system, the FDA could send a strong signal to drug makers to carry out more patient segmentation “In cases like this, in which the test merely excludes nonresponding patients, is the extra level of regulation really necessary?” Nature Biotechnology Nature Biotechnology; Looking forward, looking back; 26, 5, May 2008

June 2008 ASCO Annual Meeting Feb 04: FDA approved Erbitux June 04: EMEA approved Erbitux Sept 06: FDA approved Vectibix May 07: EMEA rejected Vectibix Dec 07: EMEA approved Vectibix for mCRC WT KRAS June 08: EMEA approved Erbitux for mCRC WT KRAS ASCO Annual Meeting Results of Erbitux retrospective analysis EMEA granted Erbitux approval in WT KRAS patients Key Opinion Leaders encourages KRAS testing HMO (US) beginning to implement routine and to establish reimbursement guidelines Still not approved by the FDA for WT KRAS patients ASCO: American Society for Clinical Oncology HMO: Health Management Organisation

December 2008 FDA convened a panel meeting Feb 04: FDA approved Erbitux June 04: EMEA approved Erbitux Sept 06: FDA approved Vectibix May 07: EMEA rejected Vectibix Dec 07: EMEA approved Vectibix for mCRC WT KRAS June 08: EMEA approved Erbitux for mCRC WT KRAS Dec 08: FDA accept retrospective analysis FDA convened a panel meeting 6 trials: retrospective analysis Accepted retrospective biomarker analysis Set guidelines for forthcoming personalized drugs approval

Benefit segmentation of market Is it better to have the market of second line entirely or a part of the market of first line?

Benefit segmentation of market 55 000 to 83 000 patients so an increase of 51 % of patients Treatment duration is longer 32 weeks vs 20 weeks

Patients stratification’s effect on sales « the pond is smaller but deeper » says Phyllis Carter, Merck spokeswoman Narrowed market Sales decline in 2nd and 3rd line Patients living longer Use in 1st line Deeper market Predictible sales increase

A Market in expansion

Sales of Erbitux Sales in europe Growth up of 13 % Q3 2007 118 m€ Q3 2008 134 m€ Erbitux sustained double digit growth due to : Increasing market penetration in established 2nd/3rd line head & neck cancer indication Translation/line extension to 1st line in metastatic colorectal (mCRC) Growth up of 13 % Merck kgaa

Sales of Erbitux Continuous growth during four years Q2 2006 MABEL study 1141 patient and safty result good on pahsse III Sales of Erbitux Q2 2005 CRC indication Approuved in 39 merck territories Q1 2005 CRC indication Approuved in 35 merck territories Q3 2005 CRC indication Approuved in 45 merck territories Janvier 2007 publication étude Crystal with Kras Mai 2008 First line with Kras Indication EMEA Head and neck cancer Continuous growth during four years

Sales of Erbitux Sales decrease since last quarter Mai 2008 1 ère ligne après Kras Sales decrease since last quarter

Are KRAS test really performed ? In France : 2007: 1 100 test KRAS have been performed 2008 : January August 4 000 tests have been performed 2008 : September December 5 700 tests (estimation) At medium term 20 000 tests by year are planned +1000 % KRAS test are performed in France that means that in France EMEA recommendation are followed Réunion des biologistes de France Inca compte rendu de réunion

Vectibix can’t explain the sales stagnation Sales of Vectibix 2008 Vectibix can’t explain the sales stagnation

US Erbitux CA repartition without KRAS test allowed by FDA CRC represents 50% of sales of Erbitux The first line represent 35 % of the sale without MA and growth by 30 % since 3Q07

First line + ASCO ASCO 2005 : presentation phase II international study 2nd Q05 : positive data 1st Q06 : large phase III 2nd Q06 WCGIC: 2 positive phase II 3rd Q06 : Crystal Phase III 1241 patients ASCO 2007 and WCGIC : presentation of Crystal Q4 07 : retrospective data analysis show benefit for wt-KRAS ASCO 2008 : presentation of restrospective data analysis of Crystal

Conclusion Theranostic : a step forward in health care Patient stratification ( market ) Regulatory update (FDA + EMEA) “tailoring the right drugs, to the right patients, at the right time”

KRAS and now… BRAF BRAF is part of the same enzymatic cascade (MAPK) BRAF mutation may explain another 12% resistance Adding Sorafenib (BRAF inhibitor) restores the sensitivity to Cetuximab Even considering BRAF and KRAS, still 52% of non-responsive patients… Is there another mutation involved? “None of the patients with tumors containing BRAF mutations had responded to the treatment, and in cases where the treatment did work, none of those patients had BRAF mutations” J Clin Oncol. 2008 Dec 10, 26, 5668-70 Symposium on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics in Geneva on Thursday, October 23 2008

To be continued . . .

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