Matter Learning Target: I can explain the properties of materials in terms of the arrangement and properties of the atoms that compose them. (3.1)

Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume) –Examples: A brick has mass and takes up space A desk has mass and takes up space A pencil has mass and takes up space Air has mass and takes up space All of the above examples are considered matter because they have mass and take up space. Can you think of anything that would not be considered matter? Mass vs. Weight

Two Types of Matter Pure Substance- has a definite composition. There are two kinds; elements and compounds. Ex. Water and copper Element- is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means (like heating to a high temperature)

Matter Compound: is composed of two or more elements combined chemically in a definite ratio. Can be broken down into simpler substances. ex. H 2 O two elements H & O in a 2:1 ratio

Matter Mixture: composed of two or more substances (elements and/or compounds) mixed together but not in any particular ratio. –Ex. Sugar-water solution, pure substances (homogeneous mixture) –Heterogeneous mixture parts can be seen by the eye.

Physical Properties of Matter any property of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter Examples color shape taste state/phase density D = m V

Chemical Properties of Matter any property of matter that describes a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance Examples flammability reactivity with vinegar reactivity with oxygen Iron + Oxygen  Iron oxide (rust) 2Fe + 3O 2  Fe 2 O 3

Chemical or Physical Property? 1.Paper is white 2.Boiling point of H 2 O is 100 o C 3.Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid and creates hydrogen gas 4.Nitrogen does not burn 5.Sulfur smells like rotten eggs Physical Property Chemical Property

Comparing Physical and Chemical Properties Substance/MatterPhysical PropertyChemical Property HeliumLess dense than airNonflammable WoodGrainy textureFlammable Baking sodaWhite powderReacts with vinegar to produce bubbles Powdered sugarWhite powderDoes not react with vinegar Rubbing alcoholClear liquidFlammable Red food coloringRed colorReacts with bleach and loses color IronMalleableReacts with oxygen

Physical Change a change in shape, size, color, or state a change without a change in chemical composition a change that is reversible –The Mixtures LabThe Mixtures Lab Examples tearing paper cutting your hair change in state

Changes in States (Physical Changes) Melting Vaporization (Evaporation/Boiling) Freezing Condensation All changes in state require a change in energy Sublimation Bose-Einstein Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Disposition Why do you think Bose-Einstein and plasma are not equally distanced from the other three states of matter? Ionization Recombination

Phase Changes Simulation PhET Harcourt School Pearson This is what happens when energy is added and/or taken away from matter

Chemical Change a change in which a substance becomes another substance having different properties a change that is not reversible using ordinary physical means Changes that usually cause heat, sound, light, odor, fizzing/foaming, color changes You usually need more than one of the above characteristics to be considered a chemical change! Examples combining sulfuric acid and sugar burning a piece of wood soured milk

Chemical or Physical Change? 1.Bending a Paper Clip 2.Baking a cake 3.The sublimation of carbon dioxide 4.Crushing an aluminum can 5.Vinegar and baking soda combining to create salt and water Physical Change Chemical Change Physical Change

Mass vs. Weight Mass a measure of how much matter an object is made of does not change, regardless of where something or someone is Weight the force of gravity on an object equal to the mass of the body times the local acceleration of gravity Why do you think the person’s weight is less on the moon? Mass = 59 kg Weight = 579 N Weight = 96 N

5 Physical States of Matter Bose-Einstein Solid Liquid Gas Plasma (Newest State)

Bose-Einstein Condensate Exist at extremely cold temperatures (around absolute zero or -460 o F) Particles are super unexcited Particles lock or “clump” together so firmly that they move as a single unit Definite shape and volume (?)

Solid Particles are tightly compact Particles vibrate without the ability to move freely Definite shape and volume Solid Animation

Liquid Particles are tightly compact, but able to move around close to each other No definite shape, but definite volume Liquid Animation

Gas Particles can easily spread out or move close together Particle move freely and with a lot of energy No definite shape or volume Gas Simulation

Plasma Exist at extremely high temperatures (several million degrees Celsius) Particles are broken apart Particles move freely and with extremely high energy This form is not too common on Earth, however it is the most common form of matter in the universe No definite shape or volume (?) Examples: Florescent and neon lights, lightning, aurora borealisaurora borealis Why do you think this is the most common form/state of matter in the universe? + + +

Energy and the States of Matter The physical states of matter result from the amount of energy the particles composing the matter have. Basically, more energy means more movement for the particles and less energy means less movement. Energy/Temperature and Matter Simulations –PhETPhET –BEC: Temperature and Absolute ZeroBEC: Temperature and Absolute Zero If you were to compare an ice cube and the steam created from boiling water, which would you think has more energy?

Energy Energy is the capacity to do work. Every change in matter involves a change in energy. Some changes in matter absorb energy and are known as endothermic processes. ex. Melting ice and boiling water Some changes in matter release energy and are known as exothermic processes. ex. Condensing water vapor and freezing

Energy can be absorbed or released in different forms-chemical, mechanical, light, electrical, sound, heat. Heat is defined as the energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures.

Heat is different from temperature Heat is the transfer of energy usually in a form of thermal energy. Temperature is a measurement of the random motion (kinetic energy) of the particles in a sample of matter.

Heat of fusion- energy being added as heat to melt and corresponds to melting/freezing point of its liquid. Heat of vaporization-energy being added as heat to vaporize and corresponds to boiling/condensation points.

States of Matter Continuum Taken from: What about this continuum could be considered a little misleading?

Density a measure of the amount of matter present in a given volume of a substance typically expressed in the following units: –grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm 3 ) for solids –grams per milliliter (g/ml) for liquids does not depend on how much of a substance you have (intrinsic property) – in other words, the density of a gold bar would be the same as the density of a gold flake can change as temperature and pressure change Which do you think is more dense? Why?

Layering Liquids Using a test-tube and the eyedroppers, try to layer the four different colored liquids so that the colors don’t mix and show distinct layers. 1.Hold the test-tube in your hand at a 45 degree angle. 2.Using the eyedropper from one of the colors, slowly place the liquid into the test-tube. 3.Repeat step two using the other three liquids until you get them layered. Record the order of the colors. If you don’t get clear separation of the colors, you should empty the contents of the test tube down the drain and start again. These steps may need to be repeated several times until you discover the correct order of the colors. *Placing white paper behind the straws will help you see the divisions

Layering Liquids - Discussion 1.Were you capable of layering the four liquids? If so, what was the correct order from the bottom up? 2.What difficulties did you experience when performing this activity? 3.Why do you think the liquids created layers when putting them in the test tube in the correct order? 4.Because these liquids are miscible, or partially miscible, they did not really create distinct layers. What do you think it means to be miscible?

Calculating Density Density can be calculated by dividing the mass of an object by its volume D = m V Sample Problem Timothy found a solid metal block that has a mass of 100 grams and a volume of 25 cm 3. What would be the density of the block? D = = 100 grams 25 cm 3 4 grams cm 3

Practice Problems 1.Find the density of a substance with a mass of 27 g and a volume of 7 cm A block of maple has a mass of 20 grams and a volume of 26.5 cm 3. What is the density of the block? D = m V D = m V D = = 27 g 7 cm grams cm 3 D = 20 grams 26.5 cm 3 = 0.75 grams cm 3

The Density Triangle DV m. D = m V V = m D m = D V.