PRESENTED BY: FARIHA BINTE MOSTAFA FARIA ISLAM SELIMA SARA KABIR

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. HISTORY. EPIDEMIOLOGY. SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION GENOME STRUCTURE TRNSMISSION CLINICAL FEATURES. DIAGNOSIS. TREATMENT. PREVENTION.

History Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that was first identified in Zika forest of Uganda in 1947 in rhesus monkeys through a monitoring network of sylvatic yellow fever. When the monkey developed a fever, researchers isolated from its serum a transmissible agent that was first described as Zika virus in In 1954, it was isolated for the first time from humans in Nigeria.

Cont.. From its discovery until 2007, confirmed cases of Zika virus infection from Africa and Southeast Asia were rare. However, serum samples from patients in the acute phase of illness contained RNA of Zika virus. There were 49 confirmed cases, 59 unconfirmed cases, no hospitalizations, and no deaths.

Epidemiology Since April 2015, a large, ongoing outbreak of Zika virus that began in Brazil has spread to much of South and Central America, and the Caribbean.South and Central America, and the Caribbean In January 2016, According to the CDC, Brazilian health authorities reported more than 3,500 microcephaly cases between October 2015 and January Some of the affected infants have had a severe type of microcephaly and some have died. In the worst affected region of Brazil, approximately 1 percent of newborns are suspected of being microcephalic.

Geographical distribution

Systematic classification of Zika virus Group IV ((+)ssRNA)(+)ssRNA Family:FlaviviridaeFlaviviridae Genus:FlavivirusFlavivirus Species:Zika virus Reserviour: Aedes mosquito

Genome of Zika Virus Non-segmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome bases long with two non-coding regions flanking regions known as the 5′ NCR and the 3′ NCR.

Structure of Zika Virus The virion is approximately 40 nm in diameter with surface projections that measure roughly 5-10 nm. Nucleocapsid is nm in diameter surrounded by a host-membrane derived lipid bilayer. Enveloped & Icosahedral Contains envelope proteins E and M

Incubation period The incubation period (the time from exposure to symptoms) for Zika virus disease is not known, but is likely to be a few days to a week. The illness is usually mild with symptoms lasting for several days to a week. Zika virus usually remains in the blood of an infected person for a few days but it can be found longer in some people.

Reproductive cycle of zika virus Flavivirus generally replicate in the cytoplasm, but Zika virus antigens have been found in infected cell nuclei.cytoplasm

Transmission Zika virus is transmitted to people primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito. These are the same mosquitoes that spread dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever viruses. Species as A.aegypti and arboreal mosquitoes such as A. africanus, A. apicoargenteus, A. furcifer, A. hensilli, A. luteocephalus, and A. vitattus.

Cont. These mosquitoes typically lay eggs in and near standing water in things like,  Buckets  Bowls  Animal dishes  Flower pots and vases. They are aggressive daytime biters, prefer to bite people, and live indoors and outdoors near people. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on a person already infected with the virus. Infected mosquitoes can then spread the virus to other people through bites.

Mother to Child transmission A mother already infected with Zika virus near the time of delivery can pass on the virus to her newborn around the time of birth. It is possible that Zika virus could be passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy. To date, there are no reports of infants getting Zika virus through breastfeeding. Because of the benefits of breastfeeding, mothers are encouraged to breastfeed even in areas where Zika virus is found.

Transmission through sex Most recent, a rare case of the Zika virus being transmitted through sex, not a mosquito bite, has been reported in the US. (BBC world). The virus has been isolated in semen, and cases of sexual transmission have been observed.

Transmission through blood donation The following suggest it may present a risk to blood safety: The virus has been detected in blood donors in areas where Zika is circulating Transmission of related viruses (dengue, chikungunya and West Nile virus) by blood transfusion has been documented, and thus transmission of Zika virus is possible Brazilian health authorities have reported 2 cases of possible transmission of the virus by blood transfusion.

Clinical Features About 1 in 5 people infected with Zika virus become ill (i.e., develop Zika). The most common symptoms of Zika are  Fever  headache  rash  joint pain  conjunctivitis (red eyes).  muscle pain  malaise

Complications Congenital microcephaly Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Diagnosis There are no commercially available diagnostic tests for Zika virus disease. Sample: Blood, Saliva, Urine. PCR: It is useful in the first 3-5 days after the onset of symptoms. It helps in the direct detection of Zika virus RNA or specific viral antigens in clinical specimens. Serology Test: It detect the presence of antibodies but are useful only after five days. Diagnosis by serology can be difficult as the virus can cross-react with other flaviviruses such as dengue, West Nile and yellow fever.

Treatment No vaccine or medications are available to prevent or treat Zika infections. Treat the symptoms: Get plenty of rest Drink fluids to prevent dehydration Take medicine such as acetaminophen to relieve fever and pain

Prevention No vaccine exists to prevent Zika virus disease (Zika) Prevent Zika by avoiding mosquito bites. 1. Mosquitoes that spread Zika virus bite mostly during the daytime. 2. Mosquitoes that spread Zika virus also spread dengue and chikungunya viruses.

WHO recommendations When traveling to countries where Zika virus or other viruses spread by mosquitoes are found, take the following steps: Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants. Stay in places with air conditioning or that use window and door screens to keep mosquitoes outside. Sleep under a mosquito bed net if you are overseas or outside and are not able to protect yourself from mosquito bites

Cont.. It is also important to empty, clean or cover containers that can hold water such as buckets, flower pots or tyres, so that places where mosquitoes can breed are removed.

Selected ‐ Mosquito Repellent DEET: (N,N ‐ diethyl ‐ m ‐ toluamide or N,N ‐ diethly ‐ 3 ‐ methyl ‐ benzamide) Picaridin: (KBR 3023), 2 ‐ (2 ‐ hydroxyethyl) ‐ 1 ‐ piperidinecarboxylic acid 1 ‐ methylpropyl ester ) Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus* or PMD (para ‐ Menthane ‐ 3,8 ‐ diol) the synthesized version of oil of lemon eucalyptus IR3535 (Chemical (Chemical Name: 3 ‐ [N ‐ Butyl ‐ N ‐ acetyl] acetyl] ‐ aminopropionic acid, ethyl ester)

Natural insect repellents Achillea Achillea alpina Eucalyptus oil Alpha Terpinene Fennel oil Castor oil Catnip oil Lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon species) Cedar oil Citronella oil Cloves Oil Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Tea tree oil

Latest updates WHO declared Zika as global emergency on 31 st Jan The American Red Cross has meanwhile urged prospective blood donors returning from Zika-hit countries to wait at least 28 days before donating their blood. (NY Times) The CDC recommends that pregnant women avoid travel to more than two dozen countries with Zika outbreaks, mostly in the Caribbean and Latin America including venezula. (CDC) India has developed first vaccine against zika, which is now under trial. (timesofindia)

References 1. Ewj_0YfUp77LAhXBto4KHXpCA2kQ_AUICCgC&biw=1280&bih=796&dpr=0.8#tbm=isc h&q=images+of+genome+of+zika+virus&imgrc=uS1jKovV6oW6VM%3A virus-infection&catid=8424%3Acontent&Itemid=41688&lang=en

Thank You…