5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(1/18) The contribution of GOCE densities to the semi-empirical thermosphere model DTM (Drag Temperature.

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Session 6 Aeronomy/ Novel applications

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5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(1/18) The contribution of GOCE densities to the semi-empirical thermosphere model DTM (Drag Temperature Model - since 1978 ) Sean Bruinsma CNES - Department of Terrestrial and Planetary Geodesy Sean Bruinsma CNES - Department of Terrestrial and Planetary Geodesy ESA contract No /11/NL/EL

5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(2/18) ATMOP (FP7 project): objective < 10°bias 2 types of errors Bias and resolution

5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(3/18) DTM model The following variations are modeled (temperature and composition): periodicnon-periodic diurnallatitude (zonal) semi-diurnalsolar activity : F30 ter-diurnalgeomagnetic activity : kp annualsemi-annual (coupled with solar activity) Pros/Cons of empirical models: Fast computation, easy to use, relatively accurate (10-20%, 1  ) Low resolution, static response, proxy use, scale/bias problems,….

5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(4/18) Solar proxies: F30 and F10.7

5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(5/18) DTM model Data used in the construction of DTM2013: CHAMP 05/ /2010 CHAMP 05/ /2010 GRACE 01/ /2011 GRACE 01/ /2011 GOCE11/ /2012 GOCE11/ /2012 Starlette & Stella 01/ /2012 Starlette & Stella 01/ /2012 Deimos-1 03/ /2011 Deimos-1 03/ /2011 CACTUS 07/ /1979 CACTUS 07/ /1979 OGO606/ /1975 OGO606/ /1975 DE-2 (T, He, O, N 2 ) 08/ /1983 DE-2 (T, He, O, N 2 ) 08/ /1983 AE-C (N 2 ) 01/ /1977 AE-C (N 2 ) 01/ /1977 AE-E (T, He, O) 12/ /1981 AE-E (T, He, O) 12/ /1981 Data used in the construction of DTM2013: CHAMP 05/ /2010 CHAMP 05/ /2010 GRACE 01/ /2011 GRACE 01/ /2011 GOCE11/ /2012 GOCE11/ /2012 Starlette & Stella 01/ /2012 Starlette & Stella 01/ /2012 Deimos-1 03/ /2011 Deimos-1 03/ /2011 CACTUS 07/ /1979 CACTUS 07/ /1979 OGO606/ /1975 OGO606/ /1975 DE-2 (T, He, O, N 2 ) 08/ /1983 DE-2 (T, He, O, N 2 ) 08/ /1983 AE-C (N 2 ) 01/ /1977 AE-C (N 2 ) 01/ /1977 AE-E (T, He, O) 12/ /1981 AE-E (T, He, O) 12/ /1981

5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(6/18) DTM model NB: No data above 1000 km; data is sparse below 300 km

5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(7/18) Data: CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE CHAMP ( ): STAR resolution: 3·10 -9 m/s 2 /Hz 0.5 STAR resolution: 3·10 -9 m/s 2 /Hz 0.5 GPS and SLR GPS and SLR inclination: 87° inclination: 87° Altitude: km Altitude: km CHAMP ( ): STAR resolution: 3·10 -9 m/s 2 /Hz 0.5 STAR resolution: 3·10 -9 m/s 2 /Hz 0.5 GPS and SLR GPS and SLR inclination: 87° inclination: 87° Altitude: km Altitude: km GRACE (2003-): SuperSTAR resolution: 1· m/s 2 /Hz 0.5 SuperSTAR resolution: 1· m/s 2 /Hz 0.5 GPS and SLR GPS and SLR inclination: 90° inclination: 90° Altitude: km Altitude: km GRACE (2003-): SuperSTAR resolution: 1· m/s 2 /Hz 0.5 SuperSTAR resolution: 1· m/s 2 /Hz 0.5 GPS and SLR GPS and SLR inclination: 90° inclination: 90° Altitude: km Altitude: km GOCE (2009 – 2013): Acc. resolution: 1· m/s 2 /Hz 0.5 Acc. resolution: 1· m/s 2 /Hz 0.5 ion propulsion ion propulsion GPS and SLR GPS and SLR inclination: 96.5° inclination: 96.5° Altitude: km Altitude: km GOCE (2009 – 2013): Acc. resolution: 1· m/s 2 /Hz 0.5 Acc. resolution: 1· m/s 2 /Hz 0.5 ion propulsion ion propulsion GPS and SLR GPS and SLR inclination: 96.5° inclination: 96.5° Altitude: km Altitude: km

5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(8/18) Model comparisons (250 km, F=74, day=1)

5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(9/18) Model comparisons (250 km, F=124, day=20)

5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(10/18) Model comparisons (250 km, F=124, day=200)

5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(11/18) Model comparisons (F=124, day=200) GOCE track

5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(12/18) Model comparisons (F=124, day=200) Dawn profiles for 18 july 2012: GOCE and DTM2013 Dawn profiles for 18 july 2012: GOCE and DTM2013 Mean structure is correct, but the low resolution of the model is evident. DTM2013 density is 2% higher than GOCE in this example. Mean structure is correct, but the low resolution of the model is evident. DTM2013 density is 2% higher than GOCE in this example.

5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(13/18) NB: data from June 2012 – October 2013 is not assimilated Model evaluation: GOCE per year (2010)Mean O/CRMS O/Ccorrelation NRLMSISE JB DTM DTM (2011)Mean O/CRMS O/Ccorrelation NRLMSISE JB DTM DTM (2012)Mean O/CRMS O/Ccorrelation NRLMSISE JB DTM DTM (2013)Mean O/CRMS O/Ccorrelation NRLMSISE JB DTM DTM Observed/Computed ratio (density ratios) andcorrelation Observed/Computed ratio (density ratios) andcorrelation

5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(14/18) Model evaluation: binning GOCE data

5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(15/18) DTM2009: all data per year O/C = Observed-to-Modeled ratio (ideally: O/C = 1.00) (pre-ATMOP benchmark model) GOCE

5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(16/18) (CIRA model for drag) O/C = Observed-to-Modeled ratio (ideally: O/C = 1.00) GOCE JB2008: all data per year

5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(17/18) (ATMOP model) O/C = Observed-to-Modeled ratio (ideally: O/C = 1.00) GOCE DTM2013: all data per year

5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(18/18) Summary DTM2013 constructed with CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE and historical data DTM2013 constructed with CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE and historical data F30 solar proxy is used; better results than with F10.7 F30 solar proxy is used; better results than with F10.7 Most precise and least-biased model for GOCE, CHAMP, GRACE, Stella and Starlette Most precise and least-biased model for GOCE, CHAMP, GRACE, Stella and Starlette Standard deviation and RMS of DTM2013 is at the 10% level for GOCE densities (0.1 Hz / 80 km along track) Standard deviation and RMS of DTM2013 is at the 10% level for GOCE densities (0.1 Hz / 80 km along track) Note that GOCE data has: o Very limited local time coverage o Limited solar activity coverage The DTM model: &

5 th GOCE user workshop Aeronomy / Novel applications(19/18) DTM model Concentration at 120 km altitude spherical harmonic function function Concentration at 120 km altitude spherical harmonic function function Modeling of temperature and constituents (most important for orbit computation: O and He) using the following algorithm: Model coefficients a i (estimated)