Organic Compounds

OBJ: Define an Organic Compound

What does Organic Mean? Organic Chemistry- The study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Carbon can bond with many elements, including itself. The most versatile element

OBJ: Compare and contrast the structure and formation of monomers and polymers

Macromolecules “Giant Molecules” Made from smaller molecules Polymerization: process in which large molecules are built together by joining smaller ones together

Monomers Polymers Large molecules Smaller units Could be similar or different

Monomers Polymers Polymers can be created by a process called dehydration synthesis Polymers can be broken up into monomers by a process called hydrolysis

Composite Compound When monomer that make up a polymer have multiple parts

OBJ: Compare and Contrast the structures and roles of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids in the functioning of a cell

Carbohydrates (Sugar) Compounds Made up of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Atoms

Structure of Carbohydrates Carbohydrate(Sugar) Monomer molecules are called monosaccharides o Example: glucose, fructose Carbohydrate (Sugar) “Pair” molecules are called disaccharides o Example: sucrose, lactose Carbohydrate(Sugar) Polymer (molecule chains) are called polysaccharides o Example: starch (plants), glycogen (animals)

Structure of Carbohydrates Carbohydrate(Sugar) Monomer molecules are called monosaccharides o Example: glucose, fructose Carbohydrate (Sugar) “Pair” molecules are called disaccharides o Example: sucrose, lactose Carbohydrate(Sugar) Polymer (molecule chains) are called polysaccharides o Example: starch (plants), glycogen (animals) Dehydration synthesis:

Structure of Carbohydrates Carbohydrate(Sugar) Monomer molecules are called monosaccharides o Example: glucose, fructose Carbohydrate (Sugar) “Pair” molecules are called disaccharides o Example: sucrose, lactose Carbohydrate(Sugar) Polymer (molecule chains) are called polysaccharides o Example: starch (plants), glycogen (animals)

Structure of Carbohydrates Carbohydrate(Sugar) Monomer molecules are called monosaccharides o Example: glucose, fructose Carbohydrate (Sugar) “Pair” molecules are called disaccharides o Example: sucrose, lactose Carbohydrate(Sugar) Polymer (molecule chains) are called polysaccharides o Example: starch (plants), glycogen (animals)

Roles of Carbohydrates Main energy source Plants and some animals use carbohydrates a structural support o Cellulose- cell walls of plant cells Store excess sugar

Artificial Carbohydrates Sweeteners: hUyw2lciohttp:// hUyw2lcio White Breads:

Testing for the Presence of Carbohydrates Part A: Testing for simple sugar (monosaccharide's) o Benedicts Solution and heat Positive: yellow-Orange Negative: no color change Part B: Testing for complex sugar (polysaccharide) o Iodine Positive: Blue-Black Negative: no color change

Lipids (Fats) Compounds Made up mostly of: Carbon, Hydrogen. Few Oxygen.

Structure of Lipids Compound o 3 Fatty Acid o 1 Glycerol

Lipids Saturated FatsUnsaturated Fats Fatty acid chain is saturated with hydrogen atoms Solid at room temperature (i.e. butter) Fatty acid chain is composed of carbon molecules not completely surrounded by hydrogen molecules o Carbons are double bonded together Liquid at room temperature (I.e. olive oil)

Lipids Saturated FatsUnsaturated Fats

Unsaturated Lipids MonounsaturatedPolyunsaturated 1 double bond between carbons o Example: Olive oil More than 1 double bond between carbons o Example: Nuts

Trans Fats? Chemically altered by adding hydrogen's to unsaturated fats- lengthens self-life Partially hydrogenated oils

Roles of Lipids Generally not soluble in water- hydrophobic Fats, Oils, Waxes and Steroids (chemical messenger) Store energy Part of protective membranes / waterproof coverings

Proteins Made up mostly of: Nitrogen Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen.

Structure of Proteins Protein Monomer molecules are called amino acids o Amino acids- compounds with an amino group (-H 2 N) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)

Structure of Proteins Protein Polymer (molecule chains) are called polypeptides o Linked together by a peptide bond

Structure of Proteins Proteins (polypeptides) can have up to 4 levels of organization o Level 1: protein chain o Level 2: amino acids within a chain can be twisted or folded o Level 3: the chain itself is folded o Level 4: consists of more then 1 amino acid chain

How Proteins are made? The instructions for arranging amino acids into different proteins is found in the DNA. Our cells assemble amino acids together to form proteins at our cell’s ribosomes!

Roles of Proteins Regulate reactions and cell processes (enzymes) Used to form bone and muscle o Why people who work out need protein Transport substance into and out of the cell

Types of Proteins StructuralContractile TransportStorage

Nucleic Acids Made up mostly of: Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus.

Structure of Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acid Monomer molecules are called nucleotides o Compound consists of three parts: 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Structure of Nucleic Acids Protein Polymer (molecule chains) are called polynucleotide (Nucleic Acid)

Roles of Nucleic Acids Store and transmit heredity, or genetic information o DNA (de-oxyribose is the sugar) o RNA (ribose is the sugar)

43Macromolecules

44Macromolecules

Formal Lab Write Up

Unknown Organic Substance 1. Make a prediction which organic substance is in the unknown sample. 2. Design the test for that organic molecule on the unknown substance. 3. Perform the each test until you have positively identified the unknown substance. 4. Write up your lab report.

Lab Report Title- Unknown Organic Substance Introduction- Purpose/Hypothesis- Prediction Materials- The difference substances you have used Procedures- Your plan Data/Results- What the tests showed(positive/negative) Discussion- What the results of the tests mean Conclusion- Was your hypothesis correct or not?