©GÜNTER F.C. FORSTENEICHNER JUDAISM · 14 MILLION WORLDWIDE MAJOR RELIGIOUS GROUPS NEITRAM

©GÜNTER F.C. FORSTENEICHNER JUDAISM & ARMED CONFLICT Cc by „:% JUDAISM ACCEPTS THAT CERTAIN KINDS OF WAR ARE ETHICALLY JUSTIFIED BEFORE THE START OF WAR OR BATTLE GENUINE ATTEMPTS TO MAKE PEACE & AVOID CONFLICT MUST HAVE BEEN MADE TORAH

©GÜNTER F.C. FORSTENEICHNER THREE TYPES OF WAR ARE TO BE CONSIDERED (1) OBLIGATORY WARS = WARS COMMANDED BY GOD i.g. THE BIBLICAL WARS AGAINST INHABITANTS OF CANAAN JUDAISM & ARMED CONFLICT PEARSON SCOTT FOREMAN

©GÜNTER F.C. FORSTENEICHNER (2) DEFENSIVE WARS OBLIGATION TO SELF-DEFENSE DOCTRINE ALLOWS PRE-EMPTIVE STRIKES (3) OPTIONAL WARS = WARS UNDERTAKEN FOR A GOOD REASON AFTER FAILURE OF NEGOTIATIONS JUDAISM & ARMED CONFLICT

©GÜNTER F.C. FORSTENEICHNER RULES OF WAR JEWISH TRADITION = BEFORE DECLARING WAR, OR STARTING A BATTLE → ATTEMPT TO MAKE PEACE ANY MILITARY ACTION WITHOUT DOING THIS = UNLAWFUL (DEUTERONOMY 20:10) ONLY COMBATANTS ARE ALLOWED TO BE KILLED INTENTIONALLY IN WAR JUDAISM & ARMED CONFLICT

©GÜNTER F.C. FORSTENEICHNER NEITRAM MAJOR RELIGIOUS GROUPS BUDDHISM TOTAL POPULATION MILLION

©GÜNTER F.C. FORSTENEICHNER BUDDHISM & ARMED CONFLICT NON-VIOLENCE = CENTER OF BUDDHIST THINKING & BEHAVIOR »AVOID KILLING, OR HARMING ANY LIVING THING.« = THE FIRST OF THE FIVE PRECEPTS THAT ALL BUDDHISTS SHOULD FOLLOW

©GÜNTER F.C. FORSTENEICHNER NSWAG BUDDHISM = ESSENTIALLY A PEACEFUL TRADITION NO REFERENCE TO VIOLENCE AS A MEANS OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN BUDDHIST SCRIPTURE BUDDHISM & ARMED CONFLICT

©GÜNTER F.C. FORSTENEICHNER MICHEL DESROCHERS IN TIMES OF WAR GIVE RISE IN YOURSELF TO THE MIND OF COMPASSION, HELPING LIVING BEINGS ABANDON THE WILL TO FIGHT LOVE YOUR ENEMY ! IF YOU MAKE YOUR MIND HOSTILE YOU ARE NOT FOLLOWING MY TEACHING BUDDHISM & ARMED CONFLICT

©GÜNTER F.C. FORSTENEICHNER SHAOLIN KUNG FU BUDDHISM & ARMED CONFLICT

©GÜNTER F.C. FORSTENEICHNER MARTIAL ARTS WOULD SEEM TO BE ABOUT AS FAR FROM NON-VIOLENCE AS YOU CAN GET … BUT BUDDHIST FORMS OF MARTIAL ARTS HAVE VERY STRICT RULES ABOUT HOW VIOLENCE CAN BE USED. BUDDHISM & ARMED CONFLICT

©GÜNTER F.C. FORSTENEICHNER SRI LANKA CIVIL WAR , ,000 † BUDDHIST SINHALESE MAJORITY AND THE HINDU TAMIL MINORITY BUDDHISM & ARMED CONFLICT

©GÜNTER F.C. FORSTENEICHNER YOGA WELLBEING »HATRED WILL NOT CEASE BY HATRED, BUT BY LOVE ALONE. THIS IS THE ANCIENT LAW.« HIS HOLINESS THE 14th DALAI LAMA *1935 BUDDHISM & ARMED CONFLICT

©GÜNTER F.C. FORSTENEICHNER HINDUISM · 1 BILLION WORLDWIDE · N°3 MAJOR RELIGIOUS GROUPS NEITRAM

©GÜNTER F.C. FORSTENEICHNER HINDUISM & ARMED CONFLICT INTERIORHOLIC HINDUISM -LIKE OTHER RELIGIONS TOO- (1) CONDEMNS VIOLENCE & (2) PROMOTES IT AS A MORAL DUTY

©GÜNTER F.C. FORSTENEICHNER HINDUISM & ARMED CONFLICT INTERIORHOLIC THE CASTE SYSTEM (2) RULERS, ADMINISTRATORS, WARRIORS (3) ARTISANS, MERCHANTS, TRADESMEN, FARMERS (4) LABOURING CLASSES (1) PRIESTLY CASTE (5) »THE UNTOUCHABLES«

©GÜNTER F.C. FORSTENEICHNER DINESHKANNAMBADI MAHADMA GANDHI 1862 – 1948 FIGUREHEAD OF HINDUISM HINDUISM & ARMED CONFLICT

©GÜNTER F.C. FORSTENEICHNER DILIFF BRIGADE OF GURKHAS (UK) GURKHA NEAR MOD UK GURKHA REGIMENT (INDIA) SINGAPORE GURKHA CONTINGENT e.g. HINDUISM & ARMED CONFLICT