The White Man’s Burden: 

The Philippines  How would they react to annexation? Philippine – American War (1899)  February 1899: revolt rose up against the U.S. using guerilla tactics  Led by rebel Emilio Aguinaldo  U.S. responded by forcing the Filipinos to live in designated concentration camp zones w/poor sanitation, disease, starvation  Killed thousands…  Sound familiar?

African American Infantry in the Philippines  White soldiers looked down upon the Filipinos  African American soldiers questioned as to why they were helping to spread racial prejudice  Some abandoned the U.S. side and supported the Filipinos

Consequences of War  Spring 1901: Americans capture Aguinaldo,  Cost $400 million, nearly 5000 American lives, 200,000 Filipino lives, 3 years  Conflict highlighted the difficulty with guerilla warfare, very untraditional and hard to defend against

Reforms Lead to Promise of Self-Rule  1901: William Howard Taft (future pres.) named governor of the Philippines  In attempts to recover from the insurrection:  Taft censured the press & jailed dissident to maintain order and win support of the ppl  Gave the Filipino ppl limited self-gov’t + ordered the construction of schools, roads, bridges etc  1916: Congress passes the Jones Act  pledged to the Philippines that they would eventually get independence  Moved gradually towards independence (1946) after WWII

China: Location relative to Philippines  Opportunity for American investors, especially railroads  Sphere of Influence: areas where each nation claims special rights and economic privileges  China vulnerable due to war and foreign intervention  Britain, Germany, France, Russia + Japan claimed some of these spheres  America worried it would be left out of China if they didn’t act soon

Open Door Notes  U.S. Secretary of State John Hay: issued the Open Door Notes in 1899 regarding China  Notified foreign diplomats that the U.S. expected “perfect equality of treatment for commerce” in China  Creates an Open Door that no single country would have monopolistic control over trade in China.  Accepted w/reluctance by other imperialist nations

Boxer Rebellion   Formed by Chinese to rid China of “foreign devils”  Named Boxers for their martial arts focus (Righteous and Harmonious Fists)  Killed hundreds of missionaries, foreigners, and Chinese who converted to Christianity.  In 1900 forces from imperial nations joined Americans soldiers and marched on the capital to put down the Boxer Rebellion.  China forced to pay indemnities for the damage (20,000 troops from European nations and America).  Fueled Chinese nationalists to overthrow the emperor in 1911

2 nd Open Door Notes “Safeguard for the world the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire” Open Door Policy reaffirmed: Preserve the Chinese territorial and administrative entity… keep China, China  no colonization, just free trade -U.S. used indemnity $ to help fund Chinese schools

Protecting American Rights  The Open Door Policy illustrated 3 deep- rooted American beliefs that became the foundation for U.S. foreign policy  Growth of the U.S. economy depended on exports  U.S. had a right to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets open  The U.S. feared the that closing of an area to American products, citizens or ideas threatened U.S. survival.

Tensions Rise Between American and Japan  Japan interested in getting into China  Disapproved of the European “carving up” of the nation  Russian troops in Manchurian = offensive to Japan  they attack the Russian fleet at Port Arthur, China in 1904  Japanese pushed on through Manchuria = over 100,000 Russian causalities

Roosevelt Settles the Russo- Japanese War  TR (now pres. after the 1901 assassination of McKinley) holds a meeting in Portsmouth, NH to discuss the war w/ Russia and Japan  TR intervenes in the discussion and convinces the two sides to sign a peace treaty  Wins a Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts  Exemplified Americas growing role in international affairs and as a world power

Anti-Asian Prejudice Troubles Relations  Japan and the U.S. have worsening relationship b/c the anti-Asian sentiment of the West Coast  1906: San-Fran school board bans Japanese, Chinese and Korean students   TR disapproved of this and calls for a meeting w/Japan  Decide upon the Gentlemen’s Agreement: segregation of the school ended but Japan would need to limit emigration to the U.S.  TR’s diplomacy strikes again!

The Great White Fleet Sets Sail  U.S. concerns about Japan’s expansion at the expense of China, Taiwan, and Ruissa  ∴ The Great White Fleet sets sail for a world PR tour in 1907  “Good will cruise”  Show the world the military power of the U.S. + show their preparedness