High Speed Flight Chapter 7.

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Presentation transcript:

High Speed Flight Chapter 7

Pressure Change Pressure change affect the density of air pressure in its vicinity At low speeds (100-200mph) the density change is slight In low speed flight, the air is incompressible meaning that the density of the air flowing over the aircraft does not change from the surrounding ambient air

Supersonic Flight The Bell X-1 was the first taken to supersonic flight by Chuck Yeager Oct. 14, 1947. The significance of the speed of sound is that sound is due to pressure disturbances in the air. We hear sounds because of pressure disturbances being transmitted to our ears in wave like fashion through the air.

Mach Number M= true airspeed/speed of sound M < 1 = subsonic M > 1 = supersonic M= 1= sonic M < 0.8 = subsonic M= 0.8 to 1.2= transonic M= 1.2 to 5.0= supersonic M> 5.0= hypersonic

Shock Waves Figure 7-2 A B C Mach Wave Shock Wave Oblique Shock Wave

Critical Mach Number Critical mach number is the value of the free stream that causes the flow to reach mach 1 somewhere on the airfoil. Figure 7-4A B Bow wave

Wave Drag Wave Drag is the combined effect of energy loss across and the wake formed behind the shock wave. At speeds slightly above critical mach number is due mostly to the energy dissipation. Figure 7-5, 7-6, 7-7

Swept Wings Swept wings allowed for high critical Mach numbers. Swept wing pros Swept wing cons

High Speed Airfoils The ideal supersonic airfoil is one with a sharp leading edge. Very poor low speed characteristics Used for military fighters & missiles Another desirable trait is to have the point of maximum thickness far back on the airfoil.

Control Problems Shock wave can cause separation to occur on the airfoil surfaces and form small wakes behind. Vortex Generators Supersonic flight at the junction of stabilizer and elevator can form a shock wave that prevents any influence of the elevator on the stabilizer. All moveable surfaces

Area Rule Richard Whitcomb experimented with many wing-body shapes in a high speed wind tunnel. Whitcomb found that for a low aspect ratio the drag rise in the transonic region. Figure 7-16 Sears-Haack/Coke bottle

Hypersonic Flight Traveling at above or below Mach not as good. Why? Aerodynamic effects Aircraft Concepts Propulsion Systems

Please take out a sheet of paper Include today’s date and your name Quiz on Chapter 7 Please take out a sheet of paper Include today’s date and your name

Quiz on Chapter 7 What is a critical Mach number? List and explain one advantage and one disadvantage to the swept wing. Explain the purpose of a vortex generator.