Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
One gene, one protein Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
One gene, one polypeptide Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
One gene, one polypeptide A few genes have RNA as their final product. Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
Transcription Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
Transcription DNA → mRNA Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
Translation Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
Translation mRNA → polypeptide Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
Codon Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
Codon A three-letter “word” in the DNA alphabet (A, T, G, C) that spells the “name” of a specific amino acid. Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
Anticodon Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
Anticodon The complement to a codon. If the codon is ATG (or AUG), the anticodon is TAC (or UAC). Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
DNA mRNA tRNA GC AT TA GC AT CG GC Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A G C A T C G G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A G C anticodon A T C G G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A T AU G CG A TA C G G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A T A U G C G A T A C G G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A T A U G C G A T A C G G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A T A U G C G codon A T A C G G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A T A U A G C A T A U C G G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein cystine
DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A T A U A G C A T A U C G anticodon G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein cystine
DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A T A U A G C A T A U C G G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein cystine
DNA mRNA tRNA GC A T T A T A UA G C GC A T AU C G G C Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein cystine
Anticodon wobble Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
Anticodon wobble Some anticodons in tRNA are not completely specific. Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
Transcription promoter gene =================================
RNA polymerase Transcription promoter gene =================================
RNA polymerase The enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template. RNA polymerase promoter gene ================================= Transcription
Promoter RNA polymerase promoter gene ================================= Transcription
Promoter Specific DNA sequence that marks the beginning of the gene. RNA polymerase promoter gene ================================= Transcription
Transcription factor RNA polymerase promoter gene ================================= Transcription
Transcription factor Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the promoter. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= Transcription
Transcription factor Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the promoter. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= Transcription
Transcription factor Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the promoter. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= Transcription
Transcription factor Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the promoter. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= Transcription
Transcription factor Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the promoter. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= Transcription
Transcription factor Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the promoter. RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= Transcription
Initiation RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= Transcription
RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= RNA - Transcription Initiation RNA polymerase binds to promoter DNA unwinds Synthesis begins
RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= RNA ---- Transcription Elongation RNA polymerase binds to promoter DNA unwinds Synthesis begins
RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= RNA Transcription Elongation Polymerase moves 3’→5’ on DNA DNA unwinds RNA is made 5’→3’
RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= RNA Transcription Elongation Polymerase moves 3’→5’ on DNA DNA unwinds RNA is made 5’→3’
RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= RNA Transcription Termination
RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= RNA Transcription Termination RNA transcript is released Polymerase detaches from DNA
RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= RNA Transcription Termination RNA transcript is released Polymerase detaches from DNA
RNA polymerase transcription factor promoter gene ================================= RNA Transcription
RNA Processing RNA
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) RNA Processing 5’hemomyoblahglobblahin3’
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) 5’ cap 3’ poly(A) tail RNA Processing 5’hemomyoblahglobblahin3’
RNA Processing RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) 5’ cap 3’ poly(A) tail 5’hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3’
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of introns RNA Processing 5’hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3’
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of introns RNA Processing 5’hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3’ 5’hemomyoblahglobblahin3’AAAAAAA
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of introns RNA Processing 5’hemomyoglobblinAAAAAAA3’
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of introns RNA Processing 5’hemoglobinAAAAAAA3’
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of introns RNA Processing 5’hemoglobinAAAAAAA3’ hemoglobin
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Alternate RNA Processing 5’hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3’ Alternate processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Alternate RNA Processing 5’hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3’ 5’hemomyoblahglobblahin3’AAAAAAA Alternate processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Alternate RNA Processing 5’hemyobhglobbhinAAAAAAA3’ Alternate processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Alternate RNA Processing 5’myoglobinAAAAAAA3’ Alternate processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Alternate RNA Processing 5’myoglobinAAAAAAA3’ myoglobin Alternate processing
Introns Exons RNA Processing
Introns Noncoding regions of RNA. Exons Coding regions of RNA. RNA Processing
Introns Noncoding regions of RNA. (They intrude.) Exons Coding regions of RNA. (They’re expressed.) RNA Processing
small nuclear ribonucleoproteins RNA Processing
small nuclear ribonucleoproteins RNA Processing
small nuclear ribonucleoproteins RNA Processing
small nuclear ribonucleoproteins RNA Processing
small nuclear ribonucleoproteins RNA Processing
small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP’s) RNA Processing
small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP’s) make up splicosomes RNA Processing
small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP’s) make up splicosomes which are enzymes RNA Processing
small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP’s) make up splicosomes which are enzymes that remove introns. RNA Processing
Translation
Ribosomes Translation
Ribosomes Made of RNA and protein Two subunits Two sites (A & P) for tRNA binding One site (E) for tRNA release. Translation
Signal peptides Translation
Signal peptides Bind to signal recognition particles. SRP’s carry new polypeptides to specific locations. Translation
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Translation
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Translation can happen at the same time as trans- cription Translation
Prokaryote vs. EukaryoteTranslation can happenhappens after at the same processing. time as trans---introns cription.--5’ cap --poly-A tail. Translation
Mutations
The cat ate the rat Mutations
The cat ate the rat Point mutations Mutations
The cat ate the rat Point mutations The cat ate the bat Mutations
The cat ate the rat Point mutations The cat ate the bat Frame shift mutations Mutations
The cat ate the rat Point mutations The cat ate the bat Frame shift mutations The cat tet her atP Mutations
RNA polymerase Enzyme that makes RNA Promoter marks beginning of gene Transcription factor helps polymerase find promoter. Transcription (Review)
Initiation polymerase binds, DNA unwinds Elongation 3’→5’ on DNA, 3’→5 Termination primary transcript is released. Transcription (Review)
5’ cap Poly-A tail Splicosomes remove introns Alternate RNA processing. Transcription (Review)
Ribosomes Two subunits A, P, E sites Signal recognition particles. Translation (Review).