SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT

SCIENCE Scientific observation emerges Beginning of Scientific Revolution Developed because of astronomy Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton Most influential people related to scientific revolution

NICOLAS COPERNICUS Founder of modern astronomy New theories that opposed Church teachings Heliocentric vs. Geocentric The Earth revolved around the sun “Copernican Revolution” Theories for the solar system (night sky observations)

SCIENCE Geocentric vs. Heliocentric

SCIENCE Galileo Galilei (Father of Astronomy) Improvements in old designs (Telescope) Fought hard for heliocentric view of the world Not Ptolemaic Model Convicted of Heresy Responsible for the birth of modern science

JOHANNES KEPLER Planetary motion-Elliptical Disproved circular orbit A Copernican

ISAAC NEWTON Theory of Universal Gravitation Three Laws of Motion

ISAAC NEWTON One law could explain ALL motion in the universe Theory of Gravitation Newton’s discoveries Influenced the rest of the Scientific Revolution Influenced the philosophers of the Enlightenment Official start of the battle between Science and Religion Man was the center of the universe; not God

ENLIGHTENMENT: BEGINNING OF A NEW AGE Modern era of European and World History Changed how people thought New view of the world New way to interact w/ each other and the world Created new foundations for worldview Science and reason vs. Religion These extreme thoughts and new ideas led to new types of revolutions French and American Revolutions

Inductive Reasoning One observes One accumulates One experiments One draws conclusions One tests principles again What does this remind you of? Scientific Method used today FRANCIS BACON

Discourse on Method All things should be confirmed by observation “I think, therefore I am.” How is it significant to us? Separation between the humanities and the sciences Is reconciliation possible? RENE DESCARTES

Criticized Christianity However, believed in religious toleration Believed in Deism Reason and natural law Based on Newtonian ideals Wrote Candide Book that spoke out against the Church and the nobility VOLTAIRE

New ideas on how the government should be run Argued against the absolute rule of one person Two Treatises of Government Believed in natural rights Rights you are born with Foundation for much of the United State’s government JOHN LOCKE

Considered the “father of economics” Believed in laissez-faire economics “To let do” (let people do what they want) Wrote the Wealth of Nations Protect society from invasion Defend citizens from injustice Maintain public works Translates to An army The police Roads, Canals (Basically trade and interaction) ADAM SMITH