Chapter Thirteen Endocrine System

Functions Growth and development Homeostasis (the internal balance of body systems) Metabolism (body energy levels) Reproduction Response to stimuli (stress and/or injury)

Hormones – “Messengers” What is a hormone? chemical transmitter that is transported via the bloodstream to a target organ or other cells In Greek it means…. to excite or to urge on.

Hormones - Communicators Communicators – secretion Hypersecretion – too much Or Hyposecretion – too little of specific hormones can cause or be associated with conditions

Top of the network

Hypothalamus – “Governor” Primary link between endocrine system and nervous system The hypothalamus is highly involved in pituitary gland function. When it receives a signal from the nervous system, the hypothalamus secretes substances known as neurohormones that start and stop the secretion of pituitary hormones.

Name Primary Endocrine Glands Pituitary Gland (hypophysis)- called the Master Gland Anterior lobe Posterior lobe Pineal Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland Pancreas (islets of Langerhans) Adrenals Gland (supraenals) Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla Ovaries Testes

Pituitary Gland/Hypophysis “Master Gland” Anterior lobe/ adenohypophysis (aden/o, hypophys/o) Posterior lobe/ neurohypophysis (neur/o, hypophys/o) GH- Growth ACTH - Andrenocortiocotropin TSH-Thyroid FSH- Follicle LH - Luteinizing PRL - Prolactin MSH- Melanocyte ADH- Antidiuretic (vasopressin [VP]) Oxytocin

Pineal Gland Located near the hypothalamus Secretion of melatonin and serotonin

Thyroid Gland Located in the neck Regulation of metabolism Control of calcium deposited in bones Hormones Thyroxine (T 4 ) Triodothyronine (T 3 ) Calcitonin

Parathyroid Glands Located on dorsal surface of thyroid Regulate calcium in the bloodstream Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Pancreas Exocrine function (into a duct system or cavity) Release digestive enzymes Endocrine function (into the blood system) Regulate glucose in blood Islets of Langerhans Glucagon- breakdown of glycogen to glucose Insulin – maintains normal blood sugar Somatostatin- suppresses the release of glucagon and insulin

Pancreas

Adrenal Glands/Suprarenals Located on top of each kidney Adrenal cortex Cortisol Corticosterone Aldosterone Testosterone Androsterone Adrenal medulla Dopamine, Epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (nonadrenaline)

Ovaries and Testes Ovaries -located in pelvic cavity on each side of uterus Estrogens (estradiol, estrone, and estriol) Progesterone Testes – located in scrotum Testosterone

Thymus Gland The thymus gland, located behind your sternum and between your lungs, is only active until puberty. After puberty, the thymus starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat. Thymosin promotes maturation of T Lymphocytes Thymopoietin – influences the production

Prefixes Challenge 1.Dia- 2.Eu- 3.Endo- 4.Ex- 5.Exo- 6.Hypo- 7.Pro- 8.Hydro- 9.Endo- 10.Hyper- 11.Para- 1.Through, between, complete 2.Good, normal 3.Within, inner, 4.Out, away from 5.Out, away from 6.Below, under, deficient 7.Before, in front of 8.Water 9.Within, inner 10.Above, under deficient 11.Beside, along side, abnormal

Combining Forms- page 447 aden/o adren/o crin/o estr/o gluc/o, glyc/o galact/o ger/o gonad/o hirsut/o kal/I myx/o pancreat/o somat/o thyr/o, thyroid/o parathyroid/o calc/o thym/o trop/o

Goiter – Thyroid The term “goiter” simply refers to the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland. One cause is iodine deficiency The gland cannot make enough thyroid hormone if it does not have enough iodine, which can lead to hypothyroid.

Adrenal Gland Disorders Addison disease Hyposecretion of cortisol Cushing disease Hypersecretion of cortisol Cushing disease

Diabetes Mellitus With diabetes mellitus, either your body doesn't make enough insulin, it can't use the insulin it does produce, or a combination of both. insulin Dia – through -betes – to go Experience polyuria They will become increasingly thirsty, polydipsia Polyphagia Lethargy

Name one disease Name one disease due to Hypersecretion

Signs and Symptoms of Endocrine Disorders Hypo Hyper Para -Kalemia -Thyroidism -Gonadism -Physis -Thyroidism -Insulinism -Cortisone

Excisions Adrenalectomy Hypophysectomy Parathyroidectomy Thyroidectomy Hypophysectomy