Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley CHAPTER Medical Language Second Edition Neurology 10
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Learning Objectives 1.Identify the structures of the nervous system. 2.Describe the process of nerve transmission. 3.Describe common nervous system diseases and conditions, laboratory and diagnostic procedures, medical and surgical procedures, and drug categories.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Learning Objectives 4.Give the medical meaning of word parts related to the nervous system. 5.Build nervous system words from word parts and divide and define words. 6.Spell and pronounce nervous system words. 7.Analyze the medical content and meaning of a neurology report.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Learning Objectives 8.Dive deeper into neurology by reviewing the activities at the end of this chapter and online at Medical Terminology Interactive.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Neurology The medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat nervous system diseases.
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Nervous System –Divided into: central nervous system (CNS) Contains brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system (PNS) Contains cranial nerves and spinal nerves Further divided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Brain –Largest part of CNS –Consists of: cerebrum (and its lobes) Thalamus Hypothalamus Ventricles brain-stem cerebellum –Surrounded by the meninges
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 10-4 Midline cut section of the brain Reprinted from McMinn’s Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, 2/E. McMinn, Hutchings, Human Anatomy, 19,46,66,71.78,127,137,237,238. Copyright 2002, with permission from Elsevier.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 10-5 Posterior half of the brain Reprinted from McMinn’s Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, 2/E. McMinn, Hutchings, Human Anatomy, 19,46,66,71.78,127,137,237,238. Copyright 2002, with permission from Elsevier.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Cerebrum –The surface of the cerebrum has elevated folds (gyri) and narrow grooves (sulci). –Gray matter: cerebral cortex the outermost layer –White matter: composed of the axons of neurons. Underneath gray matter “white” because most axons are covered in white fatty layer -- myelin
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Cerebrum –Divided right and left halves, or hemispheres –Only connection between the right and left hemispheres is the corpus callosum allows hemispheres to communicate with each other and coordinate their activities.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Cerebrum Right Hemisphere of the Cerebrum –Recognizes faces, patterns, and three- dimensional structures –Analyzes the emotional content of words but not the actual words
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Cerebrum Left Hemisphere of the Cerebrum –Performs mathematical and logical reasoning and problem-solving –Coordinates the recall of memories –Contains the speech center and is important in language skills
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Cerebrum Frontal Lobe –Conscious thought and intelligence –Predicts future events and the benefits or consequences of actions –Coordinates and analyzes information coming from other lobes –Exerts conscious, voluntary control over the skeletal muscles
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Cerebrum Frontal Lobe –Coordinates the muscles of the mouth, lips, tongue, pharynx, and larynx to produce speech
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Cerebrum Thalamus –Located near the center of the cerebrum –relay station: receivs sensory info from the cranial and spinal nerves, sends it to the midbrain and cerebrum –Deals with emotions
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Cerebrum Hypothalamus –Has a stalk of blood vessels and nerves that connects to the pituitary gland Endocrine and nervous system functions –Coordinates the activities of the pons and medulla oblongata heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Cerebrum Hypothalamus –Regulates body temperature, sensations of hunger and thirst, and the circadian (24-hour) rhythm of the body –Plays a role in emotions and the sexual drive
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Cerebrum Ventricles –Four interconnected cavities within the brain –Produces cerebrospinal fluid
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Brain Stem Midbrain Pons medulla oblongata –coordinates reflex responses Vomiting, sneezing, coughing, swallowing –maintains muscle tone –Pons is a relay station that links the spinal cord to the midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebrum
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Cranial Nerves –Peripheral nervous system –12 pairs –receive sensory information from the body or send motor commands from the brain to voluntary muscles
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Spinal Nerves Spinal Nerves (cont’d) –Peripheral nervous system –31 pairs –Each spinal nerve has two different groups of nerve roots that connect it to the spinal cord: dorsal nerve roots and ventral nerve roots.
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Spinal Nerves –Dorsal nerve roots: receive sensory information from the skin, muscles, and joints; afferent nerve root. –Ventral nerve roots: carry motor commands from the spinal cord to skeletal muscles and involuntary smooth muscles; efferent nerve root.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Somatic Nervous System –Controls the voluntary movements of skeletal muscles –Motor commands are the result of conscious thoughts in the brain.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Autonomic Nervous System –Controls the involuntary contractions of cardiac and smooth muscles, and glands –Can be broken down into two divisions: Parasympathetic division Sympathetic division
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Autonomic Nervous System Parasympathetic Division –Active during “rest and digest” activities –Decreases heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolic rate –Changes the diameter of the pupils Sympathetic Division –Active when body is active or exercising –Increases mental alertness –Dilates pupils to optimize vision –Increases heart and metabolic rate, respiratory rate, –Raises blood pressure –“Fight or Flight” response
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Neruons Dendrites –Multiple branching structures at the beginning of the neuron Cell body –Contains the nucleus, which directs cellular activities –Produce neurotransmitters as well as energy for the neuron
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Physiology of a Neuron and Neurotransmitters (cont’d) Axons –An elongated extension of cytoplasm at the end of the neuron –Larger axons are covered by a fatty, white insulating layer of myelin
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Physiology of a Neuron and Neurotransmitters (cont’d) Axons –A neurotransmitter released by the axon of one neuron travels across the synapse and binds with a receptor on the cell membrane of a dendrite of the next neuron, producing an electrical impulse.
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions Brain –Amnesia –Anencephaly
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Brain (cont’d) –Cephalalgia –Cerebral palsy (CP) –Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Nerves –Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) –Anesthesia –Bell’s palsy
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Nerves (cont’d) –Multiple sclerosis (MS) –Neuralgia –Neuritis –Neurofibromatosis
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Multiple Sclerosis Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the topic of multiple sclerosis. Back to Directory
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Nerves (cont’d) –Neuroma –Neuropathy –Paresthesia
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures Laboratory Tests –Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) –Cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) examination
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d) Radiologic and Nuclear Medicine Procedures (cont’d) –Computed axial tomography (CAT, CT) –Doppler ultrasonography –Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d) Radiologic and Nuclear Medicine Procedures (cont’d) –Myelography –Positron emission tomography (PET) scan –Skull x-ray
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d) Other Diagnostic Tests –Electroencephalography (EEG) –Evoked potential testing –Nerve conduction study –Polysomnography
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures Medical Procedures –Babinski’s sign –Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) –Lumbar puncture (LP)
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d) Medical Procedures (cont’d) –Mini mental status examination (MMSE) –Neurologic examination –Spinal traction –Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d) Surgical Procedures –Biopsy –Carotid endarterectomy –Craniotomy
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Drug Categories These categories of drugs are used to treat neurologic Diseases and Conditions: –Analgesic drugs –Antiepileptic drugs –Corticosteroid drugs –Drugs for myasthenia gravis
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Drug Categories These categories of drugs are used to treat neurologic Diseases and Conditions: –Drugs for neuralgia and neuropathy –Drugs for Parkinson’s disease
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