UNIT : 5,,,,, WEIGHTAGE: 03/05 MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE Prof. Desai S.B. DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY Y.C.I.S.Satara

ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN WHAT IS EXPECTED ? Contents at a glance ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN Household Production Industrial Production Sewage Treatment Biogas Production Biocontrol Agents Biofertilizers

5.1 MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION a).Microbes in food preparation:- Many household preparations such as Nan,,Dhokala Idli,Dosa,Jalebie etc. involve fermentation. Various species of Bacillus, Lactobacillus,Saccharomyces, Candida are involved in this process. Using lactic acid bacteria Paneer,Cheese,Curd,Shrikhand Buttermilk are produced where as Cheese is a product of fermentation by fungi.

b)Microbes as the source of food:- Some microorganisms can be used as food. Yeast is a rich source of protein and used as single cell protein. The dried and dead cells of many bacteria, fungi and algae also can be used as SCP. Mushrooms are directly used as a source of protein. It is because of their high food and nutritive value. They are low calorie, sugar-free, fat-free and rich in vitamins, proteins, minerals and amino acids.

Micro Organism

Some common edible mushrooms: 1.White button mushroom Agaricus bisporus 2.Paddy straw mushroom Volvariella volvaceae 3.Oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida Non edible eg. toad stools

5.2 Microbes in industrial production:- Production of Alcoholic Beverages:- Alcoholic beverages are the products of alcoholic fermentation of specific Substrates Yeast ,saccharomyces cerevisiae use for production of wine.beer from mostly barly And whisky from grains of corn, veet,braley. b) Organic Aicd Fermentation:- ORGANIC ACID MICROBIAL SOURCE Citric acid Aspergillus niger Gluconic acid Penicillium chrysogenum Fumaric acid Rhizopus arrhizus Acetic acid (Vinegar) Acetobacter aceti

c) VITAMIN PRODUCTION:- VITAMIN MICROBIAL SOURCE Neurospora gossypii ii) Eremothecium ashbyi Vitamin B2 Alcohol Vitamin B12 Pseudomonas denitrificans Vitamin C Aspergillus niger Tubuler tower fermenter

d) ANTIOBIOTICS PRODUCTION Antibiotics-Are the substances produced in small amount by certain microorganisms to inhibit growth of other microorganisms. ANTIOBIOTICS MICROBIAL SOURCE Chloromycetin Streptomyces venezuelae Erythromycin Streptomyces erythreus Penicillin Penicillium chrysogenum Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus   e) Enzyme Production: ENZYME MICROBIAL SOURCE Invertase Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pectinase Sclerotiana libertine Lipase Rhizopus species Cellulase Trichoderma species

f) MICROORGANISMS IN DAIRY Various products such as Cheese, Yoghurt, Buttermilk, Paneer,Shrikhand, Curd, Dahi, Curd etc. are obtained from Milk in dairy industry using microbial species. Some of the Species of Streptomyces, Penicillium and Lactobacillus are commonly used in dairy industry.

5.3 MICROBES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT It is essential to remove organic matter from the waste water before it is available for human use. It involves the process of waste water treatment. Secondary treatment- is a biochemical process.In which primary effluents passed to aeriation tank, agiated, growth of microbes, BOD reduced. Tertiary treatment - Flocks allowed to sediment called active sludge Major part pumped into large tank , during this digestion methen,carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide produced . Effluents realesd in natural water bodies. Primary treatment -is a physical process and removes large pieces of floating debris, oily substances, sludge, etc.

5.4 MICROBES IN BIOGAS PRODUCTION Involves 3 major processes : 1) Anaerobic digestion or hydrolysis-Polymers-----------Monomers Anaerobic digestion involves anaerobic bacteria like species of Clostridium, Pseudomonas etc. 2)Acetogenesis or Acidogenesis –Monomers------------organic acids 3) Methanogenesis -Methanococcus, Methanobacillus. organic acids----------CH4+CO2+Other gases

FLOATING DRUM TYPE BIOGAS PLANT Gas outlet Drum Inlet Outlet In let Pipe Out let Pipe Digester FLOATING DRUM TYPE BIOGAS PLANT

An outline of fixed dome biogas plant Detailed structural design of fixed dome biogas plant

5.5 MICROBES AS BIOCONTROLLLING AGENTS Four groups of Microorganisms are known as Biocontrol agents include bacteria, fungi, protozoan's and viruses. Bacillus thuringiensis controls the Larvaes of moths,butterflies, wax moths, black flies, some adult beetles. Bacillus sphaericus controls the Larvae of Culex. Bacillus papillae controls the Larvae of Japanese beetle. Pseudomonas fluorescens controls the Black cutworms.

5.6 MICROBES AS BIOFERTILIZERS The biofertilizers are nitrogen-fixing or otherwise microbes which enrich soil nutrients. They may be free living or symbiotic or associative endosymbiotic. They may be of bacterial, cyanobacterial or fungal nature. Bacterial Biofertilizers include Azotobacter , Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas Symbiotic biofertilizers - e.g. Rhizobium Cyanobacterial bifertilizers includeAulosira, Tolypothrix, Scytonema Fungal biofertilizers include Mycorrhiza, Ectomycorrhiza, Endomycorrhiza,Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM)  

Bacterial Biofertilizers T.S. of root nodule Root of leguminous plant Fungal biofertilizers- Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae(VA M)

Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following vitamins are water soluble? A) Vit. A&B B) Vit. B&C C) Vit. A&K D) Vit, C&D 2)Most commonly used substrate for industrial production of beer is----- A) Barley B) wheat C) Cron D) Rice 3) Removal of large pecies of floating debris, oily substances, etc. during sewage treatment is called------- A) Primary treatment B)Secondary treatment C) Final treatment D) Amplification 4)During biogas species used to bring about anaerobic digestion are of------ A) Saccharomyces B) Sclerotiana C) Rhizopus D) Trichoderma 5) Which one of the following is free living bacterial biofertilizer? A) Azotobacter B) Rhizobium C) Nostoc D) Bacillus thuringiensis

Short answer questions: 1.Write a note on bio control agents? 2.What makes idlies puffy? 3.Name the steps involved in beer production? 4.Give the chemical composition of biogas? 5.What is the microbial source of vitamin c?

References: Biology-Text book for XII Hsc boardPune Text book of microbiology by Ananthanarayan&Panikar. Introductory Microbiology by Fredrick C. Ross.

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