SINDH TEXTBOOK BORAD JAMSHORO BIOLOGY FOR CLASS IX

Fungi and Algae Content Algae and Fungi Chapter # 5 Class IX Fungi and Algae Content Algae and Fungi General characters of Fungi with reference to Rhizopus, Penicillium, Agaricus,Ustilago Importance of Fungi General characters of Algae with reference to Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra Economic Importance of Algae

General characters of Fungi: i)They are non-chlorophyllous General characters of Fungi: i)They are non-chlorophyllous. ii) Cell-wall is made up of fungal cellulose. iii) They are coenocytic. iv) Fungal body is called mycelium which is made up of thread like cells called hyphae (Sing = Hypha). v) The reserve food is in the form of glycogen-particles and oil- globules. vi) They reproduce asexually by means of spores or by budding or by fragmentation. vii) Sexually, they reproduce by means of conjugation (Isogamy). .

viii) The mode of nutrition may be saprophytic, parasitic or symbiotic viii) The mode of nutrition may be saprophytic, parasitic or symbiotic. ix) The fungi are distinguished amongst themselves primarily by their sexual reproductive structures. Common examples include Yeast, Agaricus, Penicillium, Rhizopus etc.

Fungi are important in a variety of ways Recycling - Together with bacteria the fungi form a major role in recycling the dead and decayed matter.  Food - Many mushrooms are used as food by humans. Mushrooms species are edible and are cultured in many parts of the world for sale. Medicines - Penicillin antibiotic is derived from a common fungi Penicillium. Many other fungi also produces antibiotics, which are used to control diseases in humans and animals. Bio-control Agents - Fungi are used to parasitise insects which help control pests. Spores of fungi are sprayed on crops, this method is cheaper and environmentally friendly.

Agricus(mashroom) Physical Characteristics Most mushrooms have a stalk, also called a stem, and a cap, which is generally disc shaped. they must grow in dampenvironments.

Diseases Plant and Animal Diseases - Many fungi live on and in plants and animals causing diseases. They also co-exist harmoniously with plants and animals. Food spoilage - Fungi play a major role in recycling organic material. Fungal damage is responsible for large losses of stored food usually when the food contains moisture.