LG302 Comparative European Politics Spain and Portugal.

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LG302 Comparative European Politics Spain and Portugal

Spain 1975Franco regime ( ) Valley of the Fallen (El Valle de los Caidos),

Spain 1975Franco regime ( ) Juan Carlos I King of Spain (1975-)

Spain 1975Franco regime ( ) Juan Carlos I King of Spain (1975- ) 1977First free elections

Spain 1975Franco regime ( ) Juan Carlos I King of Spain (1975- ) 1977First free elections 1978Constitution Constitutional monarchy Recognised “nationalities” & regional governments Unbalanced relationship executive-parliament Constructive vote no-confidence Govt. has important role in initiating legislation PR system + ‘correctives’ = majoritarian effects

Spain 1975Franco dies ( ) Juan Carlos I King of Spain (1975- ) 1977First free elections 1978Constitution 1986Joins EC

Portugal Salazar & Estado Novo

Portugal Salazar & Estado Novo Marcelo Caetano

Portugal Salazar & Estado Novo Marcelo Caetano 1974Carnation Revolution

Portugal Salazar & Estado Novo Marcelo Caetano 1974Carnation Revolution 1975First free elections

Portugal Salazar & Estado Novo Marcelo Caetano 1974Carnation Revolution 1975First free elections 1976Constitution Compromise military forces – democratic parties Executive power shared with a Revolutionary Council dominated by the military Directly elected president Govt accountable to the president & parliament Presidential leadership

Portugal Salazar & Estado Novo Marcelo Caetano 1974Carnation Revolution 1975First free elections 1976Constitution 1982Revised constitution Places decision-making under civilian control Presidential powers reduced, shift towards parliamentarism More balanced relationship executive-legislative

Portugal Salazar & Estado Novo Marcelo Caetano 1974Carnation Revolution 1975First free elections 1976Constitution 1982Revised Constitution 1986Joins EC

Consensus joint-power & Majoritarian federal-unitary Consensual prototypes Majoritarian prototypes Majoritarian joint-power & Consensus federal-unitary

Majoritarian and consensual democracies According to Arend Lijphart A majoritarian democracy “concentrates power in the hands of the majority” A consensual democracy “tries to arrive at as much consensus as possible by restraining majority rule and by sharing, dispersing, and limiting political power” To distinguish between them, Lijphart focused on two political dimensions and 10 institutional characteristics

Majoritarian and consensual democracies

Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Spain Majoritarian/ consensual Portugal Single-party govts or coalitions? Govt dominates legislature or not? 2-party or multi-party system? FPTP or PR electoral system? Pluralist or corporatist interest groups? Centralised or decentralised state? One or two working chambers of parliament? Flexible or rigid constitution? Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Spain Majoritarian/ consensual Portugal Single-party govts or coalitions?Majoritarian Govt dominates legislature or not? 2-party or multi-party system? FPTP or PR electoral system? Pluralist or corporatist interest groups? Centralised or decentralised state? One or two working chambers of parliament? Flexible or rigid constitution? Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

Spanish govts ( )

Portuguese govts ( ) PR & his party Cabinet (begin date)PartiesElectoral volatility Leg. support Mario Soares (PS) Cavaco Silva (1985)PSD Cavaco Silva (1987)PSD Cavaco Silva (1991)PSD Jorge Sampaio (PS) Gutteres (1995)PS Gutteres (1999)PS3.950 Durrao Barroso (2002) PSD-CDS/PP Santana Lopes (2004) Socrates (2005)PS Anibal Cavaco Silva (PSD) Socrates (2009)PS Coelho Passos (2011)PSD-CDS/PP

Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Spain Majoritarian/ consensual Portugal Single-party govts or coalitions?Majoritarian Govt dominates legislature or not?Majoritarian 2-party or multi-party system? FPTP or PR electoral system? Pluralist or corporatist interest groups? Centralised or decentralised state? One or two working chambers of parliament? Flexible or rigid constitution? Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Spain Majoritarian/ consensual Portugal Single-party govts or coalitions?Majoritarian Govt dominates legislature or not?Majoritarian 2-party or multi-party system? FPTP or PR electoral system? Pluralist or corporatist interest groups? Centralised or decentralised state? One or two working chambers of parliament? Flexible or rigid constitution? Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

UCD: , broad centre-right coalition People’s Party: main conservative party Initially associated with Catholicism, Spanish nationalism, and authoritarianism. José María Aznar, PM Mariano Rajpy, PM

PSOE, Socialist party Felipe González, PSOE leader Used the party’s lack of organisation to jettison its Marxist language and win over the centrist electorate from the government formed after elections in 1977 and Won four elections in a row

Convergence and Union: alliance of two centre- right Catalan parties. In opposition only United Left: alliance of the Communist Party and other leftist parties. The PSOE and IU have generally competed with each other..

People’s Party, centre-right, founded 1974 Social Democratic Party, centre-right founded 1974 Socialist Party, founded 1973 Democratic Unity Coalition, founded 1987 – Communist & Ecologist Parties Left Bloc, founded 1999 – far left

Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Spain Majoritarian/ consensual Portugal Single-party govts or coalitions?Majoritarian Govt dominates legislature or not?Majoritarian 2-party or multi-party system?Consensual? FPTP or PR electoral system? Pluralist or corporatist interest groups? Centralised or decentralised state? One or two working chambers of parliament? Flexible or rigid constitution? Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

Closed list-PR system in Spain & Portugal Votes cast for party lists, not for individual candidates “Corrective” that favour large parties Small district magnitude Over-representation of rural areas 3% threshold (Spain) Majoritarian consequences The largest parties receive a significant electoral bonus and are able to govern alone. Small parties with a strong regional base fare well, but small parties whose support is thinly spread are under-represented

Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Spain Majoritarian/ consensual Portugal Single-party govts or coalitions?Majoritarian Govt dominates legislature or not?Majoritarian 2-party or multi-party system?Consensual? FPTP or PR electoral system?Consensual?Consensual Pluralist or corporatist interest groups? Centralised or decentralised state? One or two working chambers of parliament? Flexible or rigid constitution? Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Spain Majoritarian/ consensual Portugal Single-party govts or coalitions?Majoritarian Govt dominates legislature or not?Majoritarian 2-party or multi-party system?Consensual? FPTP or PR electoral system?Consensual?Consensual Pluralist or corporatist interest groups?Consensual? Centralised or decentralised state? One or two working chambers of parliament? Flexible or rigid constitution? Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

17 autonomous communities = regional govts (parl. system) 50 provinces & 9,000 municipalities Some overlap between the powers of different tiers of local govt. First group of Autonomous Communities – the Basque country, Catalonia, Galicia and Andalusia

Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Spain Majoritarian/ consensual Portugal Single-party govts or coalitions?Majoritarian Govt dominates legislature or not?Majoritarian 2-party or multi-party system?Consensual? FPTP or PR electoral system?Consensual?Consensual Pluralist or corporatist interest groups?Consensual? Centralised or decentralised state?Consensual?Majoritarian One or two working chambers of parliament? Flexible or rigid constitution? Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Spain Majoritarian/ consensual Portugal Single-party govts or coalitions?Majoritarian Govt dominates legislature or not?Majoritarian 2-party or multi-party system?Consensual? FPTP or PR electoral system?Consensual?Consensual Pluralist or corporatist interest groups?Consensual? Centralised or decentralised state?Consensual?Majoritarian One or two working chambers of parliament?Consensual?Majoritarian Flexible or rigid constitution? Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Spain Majoritarian/ consensual Portugal Single-party govts or coalitions?Majoritarian Govt dominates legislature or not?Majoritarian 2-party or multi-party system?Consensual? FPTP or PR electoral system?Consensual?Consensual Pluralist or corporatist interest groups?Consensual? Centralised or decentralised state?Consensual?Majoritarian One or two working chambers of parliament?Consensual?Majoritarian Flexible or rigid constitution?Consensual Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Spain Majoritarian/ consensual Portugal Single-party govts or coalitions?Majoritarian Govt dominates legislature or not?Majoritarian 2-party or multi-party system?Consensual? FPTP or PR electoral system?Consensual?Consensual Pluralist or corporatist interest groups?Consensual? Centralised or decentralised state?Consensual?Majoritarian One or two working chambers of parliament?Consensual?Majoritarian Flexible or rigid constitution?Consensual Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review?Consensual Dependent or independent central bank?

Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Spain Majoritarian/ consensual Portugal Single-party govts or coalitions?Majoritarian Govt dominates legislature or not?Majoritarian 2-party or multi-party system?Consensual? FPTP or PR electoral system?Consensual?Consensual Pluralist or corporatist interest groups?Consensual? Centralised or decentralised state?Consensual?Majoritarian One or two working chambers of parliament?Consensual?Majoritarian Flexible or rigid constitution?Consensual Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review?Consensual Dependent or independent central bank?Consensual

Consensus joint-power & Majoritarian federal-unitary Consensual prototypes Majoritarian prototypes Majoritarian joint-power & Consensus federal-unitary

Conclusion The operation of Spanish and Portuguese politics is majoritarian on the executives-parties dimension. Prime ministers face little constraint from either the legislature or their own parties. Spain is consensual on the federalism dimension, as a lot of power is devolved to the autonomies. In most autonomous communities, the PP and PSOE control governments, but this is rare in the historic regions of the Basque Country, Catalonia, and Galicia.