Lymphatic & Immunity System Kenneth Crooker, Emmanuel Salas, Angelica Cope, Lyliana Pepe

Body System: Lymphatic and Immunity The lymphatic system’s main function is to remove liquid from interstitial spaces back into the bloodstream. It is composed of a collection of cells and biochemicals that travel in lymphatic vessels,organs, and glands.

Body System: Immunity The immune system is a defense mechanism towards foreign bacteria and organisms that invade the body. It sends specialized cells and biochemicals toward a toxin or growing cell that could lead to fever, autoimmune diseases, or cancer. Attacks in both generalized and specific ways to combat illnesses

The Lymphatic System

Lymph When tissue fluids/ blood plasma drains into the lymphatic system, lymph is formed and interstitial fluid is collected through tiny lymph capillaries. Then, lymph is transported through lymph vessels and lymph nodes, which clean and filter it. Finally, it flows through the lymphatic ducts, before emptying right or left through subclavian vein, where it mixes back with blood. Lymph circulates things such as oxygen, food material, hormones, etc. throughout the body in the lymphatic system.

Lymph Vessels Walled, valved structures that carry lymph around the body

Lymph Nodes Oval or kidney shaped organ. Linked to lymphatic vessels found in places such as armpit or stomach. Major sites of B, T, and immune cells. Filters foreign particles and cancer cells. When swollen it has clinical significance as it may range from throat infection to a serious infection.

Spleen Subdivided in Lobules Macrophages in the spleen eliminate bacteria and cellular debris caused by old red blood cells. There is blood in between the spaces of the spleen unlike the lymph nodes which contain lymph. White pulp is spread out in islands through the spleen and is composed of splenic nodules. Red pulp fills up the the remaining spaces and contains red blood cells that give it a red pigment.

Thymus The thymus is located between the breastbone and heart. It produces lymphocytes and is important for T cell maturation Thymosins - Epithelial cell produced hormones that stimulate the maturation of the T-cells. The Thymus is also responsible for fighting infections, like most other lymph nodes.

Immune System

Cells In the Immune System Lymphocytes: White cells that circulate between blood and lymph. They play an important role in fighting infection. The main types of lymphocytes are T cells, B cells and natural killer cells. Lymphocytes initially develop in the bone marrow. Some migrate to the thymus, where they mature into T cells ; others mature in the bone marrow as B cells. Neutrophils: The most abundant type of white blood cells. They are an important part of the innate immune system. Neutrophils are a type of phagocyte. They are normally found in the bloodstream, but are quickly recruited to the site of injury or infection. Macrophages: a large phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at sites of infection. Dendritic Cells: Antigen presenting cells in the immune system That act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems.

Blood Cells in the Immune System T-cells: thymus gland lymphocytes that specialize in fighting certain types of viruses. B-cells: non-thymus cells that produce antibodies (proteins that fight infections). These cells help with immunity by eliminating viruses and other harmful foreign matter.

Antigens & Antibodies Antigen - A molecule capable of inducing an immune system response that causes an immune system to produce antibodies. Antibodies- Y- shaped proteins which function to identify and help remove foreign antigens or targets such as viruses. Both of these allow the body to get rid of any dangerous

Homeostasis The Lymphatic and Immunity system are our filtering system for bacteria. It removes waste from the blood while providing defense against pathogens by using lymphocytes and chemical barriers to defend the body. It protects us in two ways, Innate and Adaptive defense. Innate (nonspecific):1st line of defense- includes mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, fever,inflammation,and phagocytosis. Adaptive (specific) : 2nd line of defense- Macrophages and Lymphocyte

Check for Understanding What is the main function of the lymphatic system? Immunity? How is lymph used throughout the body? What is the difference between T cells and B cells?

H.I.V. (Ken) HIV is a lentivirus that infects the white blood cells of the bloodstream, making the body more vulnerable to other diseases. The disease itself can eventually cause AIDS. Approximately 39,000,000 people are afflicted by this disease. HIV can be treated through antiretroviral therapy.

Splenomegaly(Emanuel) Splenomegaly, or an enlarged spleen, is a case of your spleen being “overactive”. It can be a sign of a disease taking place and when the spleen is shown to bigger than the size of your fist… there is a problem. When a spleen weighs more than 400 grams it has shown the first case of splenomegaly. Causes: 1. Infections 2. Cirrhosis 3. Blood diseases such as abnormal blood cells Effects: Fatigue, Weight loss, Easy bleeding,Jaundice, and Anemia.

Lupus Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease caused when the immune system malfunctions and attacks its own tissues. Lupus can damage many parts of the body including the Joints Skin Kidneys Heart Lungs Blood vessels Brain.

Lupus II Symptoms of lupus vary, but some of the most common symptoms of lupus are: Pain or swelling in joints, Muscle pain Fever with no known cause, Red rashes, most often on the face Chest pain, Hair loss Pale or purple fingers or toes, Sensitivity to the sun Swelling in legs or around eyes, Mouth ulcers Swollen glands, Feeling very tired. Anyone can get lupus, but women make up the majority of those affected. Lupus is also more common in women of African American, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American descent than in Caucasian women. The cause of lupus is not yet known. Research suggests that genes play an important role, but genes alone do not determine who gets lupus. It is likely that many factors trigger it.

Lymphedema Lymphedema is most commonly caused by the removal of or damage to your lymph nodes as a part of cancer treatment. It results from a blockage in your lymphatic system, which is part of your immune system. The blockage prevents lymph fluid from draining well, and the fluid buildup leads to swelling. Not curable but can be managed with early on diagnosis Symptoms include: swelling of a body part/ parts, tightness, heaviness, aching, discomfort, infections, hardening of skin. Causes can be one of the following: the inability to drain lymph fluid, surgery, radiation treatment for cancer, cancer, or infection.

Labeling Activity Use this diagram to label the following organs in the lymphatic system on your worksheet: Lymph nodes Lymph vessels Thymus Spleen

Crash Course - The Immune Sysem