 starter activity If you want to express your opposition to today’s governments what is the most effective form of resistance?.

How much opposition was there to the Nazi regime?

 Your task Which of the factors in the table would encourage opposition and which would make effective opposition difficult? Copy of table

7 possible reactions Copy the following forms of resistance to the Nazi regime out in a line with the most hostile on the left to the least hostile on the right. Nonconformity Nonconformity Acceptance Acceptance Resistance Resistance Participation Participation Enthusiasm Enthusiasm Protest Protest Commitment Commitment

7 possible reactions ResistanceProtestNon-conformityAcceptanceParticipationEnthusiasmCommitment

 Your task Below each of the reactions copy three of the examples of resistance shown in table 17a, p.319 of Hite and Hinton. Compare your choice with your neighbour.

Why was there apparently so little opposition? Recent historiography focussed on public opposition, e.g. Bishop Galen over euthanasia & July 1944 Bomb Plot Recent historiography focussed on public opposition, e.g. Bishop Galen over euthanasia & July 1944 Bomb Plot Death of Hindenburg helped Hitler Death of Hindenburg helped Hitler High unemployment made industrial action unpopular High unemployment made industrial action unpopular Hitler was legally elected Hitler was legally elected Galen Hindenburg

Why was there apparently so little opposition? Opposition banned under Law against Formation of New Parties, July 1933 Army appeased by Night of Long Knives, June 1934 Plebiscites showed NSDAP popular Early victims unpopular in Germany, e.g. KPD, Jews, SA Van der Lubbe on trial in 1933 Rohm, leader of SA

Why was there apparently so little opposition? Hitler & NSDAP toned down extreme views in speeches & propaganda Hitler & NSDAP toned down extreme views in speeches & propaganda Successes in economy, e.g. reduction in unemployment through public works scheme Successes in economy, e.g. reduction in unemployment through public works scheme Opposition was poorly organised “the story of resistance is really that of a hundred subgroups and thousands of individuals” (Hite & Hinton) Opposition was poorly organised “the story of resistance is really that of a hundred subgroups and thousands of individuals” (Hite & Hinton)

 Your task Read p of Hite and Hinton and take notes on the different forms of resistance shown below. Which was the most effective? Ensure your notes are balanced where possible (i.e. show how there was opposition but also where possible where this opposition was repressed) Churches Youth Army Government & Civil Service Government & Civil Service Judiciary Workers Opposition parties Opposition parties Traditional elites Traditional elites

Resistance from the Church 1934, Confessional Church – broke away from Reich Church due to resistance to state interference; Martin Niemöller & Dietrich Bonhöffer Bishop Galen, Catholic Bp. Munster, aka ‘Lion of Munster’ for outspoken sermons Niemöller Bonhöffer Galen

Resistance from the Church July 1933, Catholic Church & Nazi govt. sign ‘Concordat’ (agreement) July 1933, Catholic Church & Nazi govt. sign ‘Concordat’ (agreement) Catholic clergy criticised sterilisation & euthanasia programmes Catholic clergy criticised sterilisation & euthanasia programmes Church adopted position of self-preservation Church adopted position of self-preservation Criticism limited to individuals, e.g. Bishop Galen, Catholic Bp. Munster, aka ‘Lion of Munster’ for outspoken sermons Criticism limited to individuals, e.g. Bishop Galen, Catholic Bp. Munster, aka ‘Lion of Munster’ for outspoken sermons Catholic clergy giving the Nazi salute

Youth Range of alternative youth groups, e.g. Edelweiss Pirates & Swing Youth Range of alternative youth groups, e.g. Edelweiss Pirates & Swing Youth University resistance groups, e.g. White Rose group in Munich, led by Hans & Sophie Scholl University resistance groups, e.g. White Rose group in Munich, led by Hans & Sophie Scholl Barton Schink, Edelweiss Pirate, executed aged 16

Army Suspicions strong among senior & ‘aristocratic’ army officers Several plots, e.g attempted arrest of Hitler at Munich by General Beck; 1944 July Bomb Plot by Claus Von Stauffenberg Abwehr (German Army Intelligience) tolertaed resistance & helped Jews escape headed by Admiral Canaris General Beck Claus von Stauffenberg

Government & Civil Service April 1933 civil service purged of ‘alien elements’, although only 5% removed April 1933 civil service purged of ‘alien elements’, although only 5% removed Critics within Cabinet, e.g. Von Papen spoke publicly of need for freedom of speech in June 1934; 1935 Schact denounced anti-Semitism Critics within Cabinet, e.g. Von Papen spoke publicly of need for freedom of speech in June 1934; 1935 Schact denounced anti-Semitism Von Papen Schact

Judiciary Senior judges wanted to operate within ‘rule of law’, e.g. Franz Gürtner, non-Nazi Justice Minister Senior judges wanted to operate within ‘rule of law’, e.g. Franz Gürtner, non-Nazi Justice Minister Defiant judges by-passed by People’s Court and Special Courts created in 1933 Defiant judges by-passed by People’s Court and Special Courts created in 1933

Workers German Labour Front (DAF), Nazi organisation replaced free trade unions German Labour Front (DAF), Nazi organisation replaced free trade unions Strikes – 400 between 1933 & 1935 Strikes – 400 between 1933 & 1935 Many workers maintained ‘links’ with outlawed political parties Many workers maintained ‘links’ with outlawed political parties German Labour Front

Opposition parties All political opposition parties banned in July 1933 SPD in exile (based in Prague) organised underground movements, e.g. Berlin Red Patrol & Hanover Socialist Front KPD (Communists) formed underground cells, e.g. the Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) Pre-1933 election poster for KPD

Traditional elite Kreisau Circle formed in 1933 to oppose Hitler Kreisau Circle formed in 1933 to oppose Hitler Membership included officers & professionals Membership included officers & professionals August 1943 drew up ‘Basic Principles for a New Order’, a plan for an open, egalitarian society after Nazism August 1943 drew up ‘Basic Principles for a New Order’, a plan for an open, egalitarian society after Nazism Moltke, founder member of the Kreisau Circle

 Your task Read the sources on p and on P332 of Hite and Hinton. Think about the following questions 1. Why must historians be cautious when using both Sopade and Gestapo reports 2. Summarise each of the sources – 18 and try and sum them up in 5 bullet points, where possible try and give balanced answers

Foreign Policy Research – (176 – 190 Layton) or (376 – 392, Hite and Hinton) What were the aims of Nazi Foreign Policy? What were the aims of Nazi Foreign Policy? What is the difference between the continentalists, globalists and the programme school of thoughts on Hitler’s Foreign policy? What is the difference between the continentalists, globalists and the programme school of thoughts on Hitler’s Foreign policy? Why was the Re-Militarization of the Rhineland a turning point in Nazi Foreign policy? Why was the Re-Militarization of the Rhineland a turning point in Nazi Foreign policy? What was the Rome – Berlin Axis – why was it signed? What was the Rome – Berlin Axis – why was it signed? What do you think Hitler wanted out of the Hossbach Conference – why have historians been divided by this? What do you think Hitler wanted out of the Hossbach Conference – why have historians been divided by this? Describe the events of Anchluss? Describe the events of Anchluss? What was the Czech Crisis of 1938? What was the Czech Crisis of 1938? Why was the Nazi – Soviet Pact important? How did it effect Poland? Why was the Nazi – Soviet Pact important? How did it effect Poland?