מעבדה בביוכימיה לתלמידי ביולוגיה - כימיה (72344) מרכז הקורס : ד " ר תומר רביד עוזרי הוראה : איתמר כהן איילה.

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Presentation transcript:

מעבדה בביוכימיה לתלמידי ביולוגיה - כימיה (72344) מרכז הקורס : ד " ר תומר רביד עוזרי הוראה : איתמר כהן איילה שיבר הילה פישמן עזרה טכנית : אסתר בנט אברהם רימון אירית מיירבך

מטרה הסטודנט יכיר את מנגנון פירוק החלבונים העיקרי בתא האאוקריוטי הסטודנט ילמד את השימוש בסמנים חלבוניים במחקר הביולוגי הסטודנט יבצע נסיונות שמטרתם הכרת שיטות עבודה במחקר הביוכימי והחשיבה המדעית העומדת מאחריהם הסטודנט יסכם את הנסיונות באופן המקובל במחקר המדעי

נושאי המעבדה מעקב אחרי פירוק חלבון בתא שמר האופים ( פגישה אחת ) ניקוי אנזים E2 מתאי שמר ובדיקת פעילותו ( שתי פגישות ) ניקוי חלבון אוביקויטין מאוחה ל -GFP מתאי חיידק ובדיקת פעילות ( שתי פגישות )

רקע מערכת האוביקויטין - פרוטאזום סמנים ביולוגיים העבודה במעבדה

Avram Hershko, Aaron Ciechanover and Irwin Rose, 2004 Nobel laureates in chemistry Irwin Rose

Topological Diversity of Proteolytic Systems 1.Extracorporeal Extracellular - The gastrointestinal tract 2.Intracorporeal Extracellular - The blood coagulation system 3.Intracorporeal Intracellular - The Lysosome (organelle - membrane secluded) and the Ubiquitin system (free floating- cytosolic, nuclear, “ER”) Intracellular Proteolysis is a thermodynamically paradoxical, energy (ATP)-requiring process,

Fuel Waste

The Lysosome

APF-1

Structure of A24 Lys  -NH H2A (119)  -NH C=O Ubiquitin (Gly 76 )  -NH C=O OH

The ubiquitin system then and now

P P Target E1 E2 UB E3

P P Target UB

Ubiquitin is conserved Why should we care about the Ubiquitin system ? Ubiquitin as a model Molecule: SUMO Nedd8 Fat10 ISG15 Atg8 Etc. Ubiquitin & therapy Multiple myeloma proteasome inhibitors (More in the pipeline) Ubiquitin & diseases Cancer: Degradation of tumor suppressors Angelman’s Syndrome: Impaired ubiquitination enzyme Parkinson’s, Huntington’s: Protein misfolding 97% 96%

The Hierarchical Structure of the Ubiquitin-Conjugating Machinery Ubiquitin-activating enzyme Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (UBC’s) or Ubiquitin-carrier proteins Ubiquitin-protein ligases Cellular substrates E1 E2aE2bE2c E3a E3b E3c E3d E3e E3f E3g SaSbScSdSeSfSg Sh SiSjSkSlSmSn So

Primarily a recognition motif for protein-protein interaction Cargo Adaptor (degradation, endocytosis, cell-cycle regulation etc.) Ubiquitin mediates the interaction between a substrate and an adaptor protein Ubiquitin polyUb Lys Gly76

Lys48 Lys63 Lys6 Lys29 Lys11 Gly76 Lys48 Lys63 Ubiquitin can form a poly-chain N- O- S- C-

Substrate + E1, E2, E3 ATP 26S proteasome ATP + Peptides The Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway DUBs I. UbiquitinationII. Degradation Ub Substrate

Substrate recognition: Deg1: Hydrophobic determinant (Quality control substrate) N-end rule: N-terminal amino acid UFD: Fusion of uncleavable ubiquitin

N-terminal amino acids recognized by the E3 ligase Ubr1

The UFD pathway (recognition by Ufd4) GFP Ub

In the compact fold (to the right), the hydrophobic amino acids (shown as black spheres) are in general shielded from the solvent. Hydrophobicity is the main driving force behind protein structure formation.

Protein quality control substrates (Amphipathic helix recognition by Doa10)

Reporters and tags:  -Galactosidase (E. Coli) Glutathione S-transferase (GST, many resources) Jellyfish Aequorea victoria (GFP)

GlucoseGalactcose

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) has existed for more than one hundred and sixty million years in one species of jellyfish, Aequorea victoria. The protein is found in the photoorgans of Aequorea, see picture below right. GFP is not responsible for the glow often seen in pictures of jellyfish - that "fluorescence" is actually due to the reflection of the flash used to photograph the jellies.

Martin Chalfie Roger Tsien Osamu Shimomura Chemistry Nobel prize 2008 אוסאמו שימומורה - בודד לראשונה את ה - GFP מה - Aequorea Victoria,. הוא גילה כי חלבון זה זוהר באור ירוק כאשר הוא מואר באור אולטרה סגול. מרטין צ ' אלפ י - הדגים את הערך של ה -GFP כתגית גנטית מאירה למבחר תופעות ביולוגיות. באחד הניסויים הראשונים שערך הוא האיר ששה תאים אינדיבידואלים בתולעת העגולה השקופה Caenorhabditis elegans בסיוע ה -GFP. רוג ' ר צין - תרם להבנה הכללית שלנו כיצד ה - GFP מאיר. הוא גם הרחיב את מגוון הצבעים מעבר לירוק ואפשר לחוקרים להעניק לחלבונים שונים בתא צבעים שונים. הדבר אפשר למדענים לעקוב אחר מספר תהליכים ביולוגיים נפרדים בו זמנית.

Joining the GFP to the gene of the protein of interest

6His binding to nickel beads Glutathione: )γ- L -Glutamyl- L -cysteinylglycine( Binding to glutathione

עבודת המעבדה : מטרה : התנסות אישית בשיטות מחקר בביוכימיה שמירה על נהלי הבטיחות : ( לבוש מתאים, הבנת הפרוטוקול לפני הביצוע, עבודה זהירה ) ביצוע הנסיונות : הכנה מוקדמת - קריאה, בוחן הכרת החומרים וכלי העבודה לפני הביצוע סיכום הניסוי והתוצאות פינוי פסולת וסידור נוכחות : השתתפות בכל המעבדות הינה חובה

ציון קורס המעבדה : בחנים : 25% (3 בחנים במהלך הקורס ) התרשמות מדריך : 15% דוחות מעבדה : 60% (3 דוחות במהלך הקורס )

בהצלחה !