SMS Phase III Raylene B. Alexander For Belize Department of Civil Aviation

SMS will not go away, it is here to stay. SMS must be an active, living document

Goal for training Review Phase I&II In depth Phase III

Communication & Data SMS will not work if you do not have lines of communication working SMS will not work if you are not collecting data

Phase I Review ID SMS accountable executive, SMS Implementation Team SMS Gap Analysis Develop SMS Implementation Plan ID SMS management Establish SMS training Initiate SMS/safety communication channels

Phase II Document SMS Manual-see SMS template Safety Policy No retribution for reporting, as long as not done with malice or purpose Define in writing SMS management Establish Emergency Response Team

Safety Policy Use 9859 as an example “Ensure that no action will be taken against any employee who discloses a safety concern through the hazard reporting system, unless such disclosure indicates, beyond any reasonable doubt, gross negligence or a deliberate or willful disregard of regulations or procedures.” SMS9859

Phase II safety management Define safety management responsibilities Coordinate with all departments

Establish ERP This emergency response plan must go from normal to emergency and back to normal See presentation

Phase III: Establish voluntary hazard reporting procedure This can be as simple as a box with reporting slips Encourage every employee to do at least one Establish a logbook for hazards Communicate A hazard can be found on the line, in the office, in the hangar. It can be found anywhere

The SMS Hazard Log This will use reactive, proactive and predictive in establishing and maintaining the hazard log The volunteer and confidential reporting system all companies need to have will contribute to hazard log

 Appropriate documentation management is important as  It is a formal procedure to translate operational safety data into hazard- related information  It becomes the “safety library” of an organization Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards

Understanding hazards Types of hazards  Natural  Technical  Economic

 Severe weather or climatic events  E.g.: hurricanes, major winter storms, drought, tornadoes, thunderstorms lightning and wind shear  Adverse weather conditions  E.g.: Icing, freezing precipitation, heavy rain, snow, winds and restrictions to visibility Examples of natural hazards

 Geophysical events  E.g.: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods and landslides  Geographical conditions  E.g.: adverse terrain or large bodies of water  Environmental events  E.g.: wildfires, wildlife activity and insect or pest infestation  Public health events  E.g.: epidemics of influenza or other diseases Examples of natural hazards

 Deficiencies regarding  E.g.: aircraft and aircraft components, systems, subsystems and related equipment  E.g.: an organization’s facilities, tools and related equipment  E.g.: facilities, systems, sub- systems and related equipment that are external to the organization Examples of technical hazards

 Major trends related to  Growth  Recession  Cost of material or equipment  Etc. Examples of economics hazards

Phase III reporting Establish or tweak occurrence reporting and investigation procedures Review required company documents and adjust as necessary

DATA Establish procedures to collect data for high consequence outcomes (and later for low consequence) A procedure to decide on SPI’s and SPT’s and Alert settings

Terminology SPI-Safety Performance Indicators SPT-Safety Performance Targets ALoSP-Acceptable Levels of Safety Performance for Belize (SSP) SSP SMS

Reactive/Proactive/Predictive Reactive requires a serious triggering event Proactive requires a less serious triggering event Predictive requires no triggering event

Module N° 3Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course 22 Safety data collection methods – Summary Reactive method The reactive method collects data from events that have already happened, such as accidents and incidents Reactive method The reactive method collects data from events that have already happened, such as accidents and incidents Proactive method The proactive method Actively looks for safety data through the analysis of the organization’s activities Proactive method The proactive method Actively looks for safety data through the analysis of the organization’s activities Predictive method The predictive method captures data that identifies and eliminates or mitigates future problems Predictive method The predictive method captures data that identifies and eliminates or mitigates future problems

Module N° 3 Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course 23 Safety space Productio n Protectio n Bankruptc y Catastrop he

Risk Analysis and Management

 Safety risk – The assessment, expressed in terms of predicted probability and severity, of the consequence(s) of a hazard taking as reference the worst foreseeable situation  A wind of 15 knots blowing directly across the runway is a hazard  A pilot may not be able to control the aircraft during takeoff or landing is one of the consequences of the hazard  The assessment (quantification) of the consequences of the potential loss of control of the aircraft by the pilot, expressed in terms of probability and severity, is the safety risk Definition of safety risk

 What is it?  The analysis and elimination, and/or mitigation to an acceptable level, of the safety risks of the consequences of identified hazards  What is the objective?  A balanced allocation of resources to address all safety risks and viable safety risks control and mitigation  Why is it important?  It is a data-driven approach to safety resources allocation, thus defensible and easier to explain First Fundamental – Safety risk management

 Direct costs  The obvious costs, which are easily determined. The high costs of exposure to hazards can be reduced by insurance coverage purchasing insurance only transfers monetary risk, it does not address the safety hazard  Indirect costs  The uninsured costs. An understanding of uninsured costs (or indirect costs) is fundamental to understand the economics of safety Cost-benefit analysis

Module N° 4 Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course 28 Third fundamental – Hazard analysis State the generic hazard (Hazard statement)  Airport construction State the generic hazard (Hazard statement)  Airport construction Identify specific components of the hazard  Construction equipment  Closed taxiways  … Identify specific components of the hazard  Construction equipment  Closed taxiways  … Naturally leading to specific consequence(s)  Aircraft colliding with construction equipment  Aircraft taking wrong taxiway  … Naturally leading to specific consequence(s)  Aircraft colliding with construction equipment  Aircraft taking wrong taxiway  … ABC of hazard analysis

Module N° 5Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course 29 Second fundamental – Safety risk probability Probability of occurrence Meaning Qualitative definition Value Frequent Occasional Remote Improbable Extremely improbable Likely to occur many times (has occurred frequently) Likely to occur sometimes (has occurred infrequently) Unlikely, but possible to occur (has occurred rarely) Very unlikely to occur (not known to have occurred) Almost inconceivable that the event will occur

Third fundamental – Safety risk severity  A large reduction in safety margins, physical distress or a workload such that the operators cannot be relied upon to perform their tasks accurately or completely.  Serious injury.  Major equipment damage.  Equipment destroyed.  Multiple deaths.  A significant reduction in safety margins, a reduction in the ability of the operators to cope with adverse operating conditions as a result of increase in workload, or as a result of conditions impairing their efficiency.  Serious incident.  Injury to persons.  Nuisance.  Operating limitations.  Use of emergency procedures.  Minor incident.  Little consequences Meaning Severity of occurrences Value Aviation definition Catastrophic Hazardous Major Minor Negligible A B C D E

Fourth fundamental – Safety risk index/tolerability Safety risk severity Safety risk probability Catastrophi c A Major C Minor D Negligible E Hazardous BB Frequent 5 Occasional 4 Remote 3 Improbable 2 Extremely improbable 1 5A5B5C 5D5E 4A4B 4C4D4E 3A 3B3C3D 3E 2A 2B2C 2D2E 1A1B 1C1D1E

Belize SSP Team They decide the ALoSP for the country of Belize Using reactive, proactive and predictive to come of with the ALoSP Once ALoSP has been decided it is then distributed to the industry Industry needs to use these in their SPI and SPT

ALoSP This is decided based on data you presently have to predict the areas that need to be worked on. The BDCA and SSP Team will look at mitigation from their point of view Training E Publications on website Changes in BCARs, inspection areas, other documents

SPI & SPT Industry will evaluate their data and decide their SPI and SPT These must include applicable ALoSP but can include other issues These items are reported to SSP Team The SSP Team will monitor the SPI and SPT of the individual companies

Module N° 6Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course 35 Value of safety indicators 1.[Rate/number] fatal airline accidents per [number] operations 2.[Rate/number] runway excursion events per [number] operations 3.[Rate/number] ground collision events per [number] operations 4.[Rate/number] of loss of separation events per [time-frame] Value of safety targets 1.Reduce to maximum [number] fatal airline accidents per [number] operations 2.Reduce to maximum [number] runway excursion events per [number] operations 3.Reduce to maximum [number] ground collision events per [number] operations 4.Reduce to maximum [number] loss of separation events per [time-frame] Introductory concepts – The basic theory: examples

SSP Team and BDCA Inspectors The SSP Team will monitor the SPI and SPT If a company is exceeding their SPT, they will want to discuss how they are mitigating The BDCA Inspectors will monitor the hazard log looking for an active SMS

Once ALoSP decided What will be your target and timeframe How do you make sure all of industry reports their SPI and SPT during that timeframe How will SSP Team keep track of industry SPI and SPT There is a form that needs to be discussed and decided on

ALoSP Timeframe Year Easy to remind people of when due Does not accurately reflect the amount of traffic Flight Operations How do you remind industry of SPI and SPT is do Does reflect aviation activities