Cell Parts & Organelles

1. Cell Wall A) function: physical protection & structural support A) function: physical protection & structural support B) Structure: wall surrounding cell B) Structure: wall surrounding cell  Has holes like windows in a wall C) Macromol. = cellulose C) Macromol. = cellulose

2. Cell Membrane A) function: controls what enters and leaves cell A) function: controls what enters and leaves cell B) Structure: flexible lining just inside cell wall B) Structure: flexible lining just inside cell wall C) Macromol. C) Macromol. Phospholipids Phospholipids Proteins Proteins

3. Nucleus A) Structure: A) Structure: 1) Nuclear envelope = double layer of 1) Nuclear envelope = double layer of membrane around nucleus membrane around nucleus 2) Nuclear pores = holes in envelope 2) Nuclear pores = holes in envelope 3) Chromosomes = DNA inside nucleus 3) Chromosomes = DNA inside nucleus 4) Nucleolus = area full of ribosome parts 4) Nucleolus = area full of ribosome parts

B) Function: Store DNA & direct cell B) Function: Store DNA & direct cell C) Macromol. C) Macromol. Phospholipids, proteins Phospholipids, proteins Nucleic acids Nucleic acids

4.Cytoplasm A) function: every thing that happenes between cell membrane and nucleus A) function: every thing that happenes between cell membrane and nucleus B) Structure: B) Structure: 1) all organelles between nucleus and cell membrane 1) all organelles between nucleus and cell membrane 2) all fluid that fills cell = hyaloplasm or cytosol 2) all fluid that fills cell = hyaloplasm or cytosol C) Macromol. : all C) Macromol. : all

5. Ribosome A) function: make proteins A) function: make proteins 1) Connect amino acids in correct order 1) Connect amino acids in correct order 2) Follow directions from RNA 2) Follow directions from RNA B) Structure: 2 subunits B) Structure: 2 subunits  1) Protien subunit  2) RNA subunit C) Macromol. : protein & nucleic acid C) Macromol. : protein & nucleic acid

6 Mitochondrion A- Function: Cellular Respiration A- Function: Cellular Respiration 1)Uses O 2 to burn glucose & give cell energy 1)Uses O 2 to burn glucose & give cell energy 2) O 2 + glucose  CO 2 and energy 2) O 2 + glucose  CO 2 and energy B- Structure B- Structure 1) Oval outer membrane 1) Oval outer membrane 2) Folded inner membrane 2) Folded inner membrane –Folds called cristae C- Macromolecules: C- Macromolecules: Phospholipids, protein, nucleic acids Phospholipids, protein, nucleic acids

7. Chloroplasts A- Function: Photosynthesis A- Function: Photosynthesis 1) Converts solar Energy into chemical energy 1) Converts solar Energy into chemical energy 2) CO 2 + H 2 O  Glucose + O 2 2) CO 2 + H 2 O  Glucose + O 2 B- Structure: B- Structure: 1) Oval outer membrane 1) Oval outer membrane 2) Grana = stacks of disks 2) Grana = stacks of disks C- Macromolecules: C- Macromolecules: Phospholipids, protein, nucleic acids Phospholipids, protein, nucleic acids

8. Vacuole A- Function: storage & support (plants) A- Function: storage & support (plants) B- Structure: membrane full of water and molecules or food B- Structure: membrane full of water and molecules or food C- Macromolecules: C- Macromolecules: phospholipids phospholipids

9. Lysosome A- Function: digest food/break down old organelles & macromolecules (hydrolysis) A- Function: digest food/break down old organelles & macromolecules (hydrolysis) B- Structure: membrane bubble full of enzymes B- Structure: membrane bubble full of enzymes C- Macromolecules C- Macromolecules phospholipids, proteins (enzymes) phospholipids, proteins (enzymes)

10. Golgi Body A- Function: A- Function: 1) adds/modifies sugars & lipids on proteins 1) adds/modifies sugars & lipids on proteins 2) makes complex carbohydrates 2) makes complex carbohydrates 3) package for secretion 3) package for secretion B- Structure: B- Structure: 1) flat membrane pockets, 1) flat membrane pockets, cisternae, filled w/ enzymes C- Macromolecules C- Macromolecules phospholipids, proteins phospholipids, proteins

11. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum A- Function: Fold & transport proteins, add carbs to glycoproteins A- Function: Fold & transport proteins, add carbs to glycoproteins B- Structure: B- Structure: 1) Tunnels made of membrane 1) Tunnels made of membrane 2) lots of enzymes 2) lots of enzymes 3) ribosomes 3) ribosomes C- Macromol.: C- Macromol.: phospholipids, proteins phospholipids, proteins

12. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum A- Function: Transport & Detoxify poisons/drugs A- Function: Transport & Detoxify poisons/drugs B- Structure: Membrane tunnels full of enzymes B- Structure: Membrane tunnels full of enzymes C- Macromol.: C- Macromol.: phospholipids, proteins phospholipids, proteins

13. Cytoskeleton A- Function: A- Function: 1) internal mechanical support 1) internal mechanical support 2) move organelles & vessicles 2) move organelles & vessicles B- Structure: Framework of microtubules and motor proteins B- Structure: Framework of microtubules and motor proteins C- Macromolecules C- Macromolecules protein protein

Cytoskeleton elements (animal & plant) 1) Microtubules – largest; hollow tube shape 1) Microtubules – largest; hollow tube shape made of tubulin subunits made of tubulin subunits form spindle & hold organelles in place form spindle & hold organelles in place tracks for motor proteins tracks for motor proteins assembled in area called centrosome assembled in area called centrosome can be broken can be broken Down and then Down and then re-assembled re-assembled

2) microfilaments – thin strands 2) microfilaments – thin strands a. 2 chains of actin subunits twisted into helix a. 2 chains of actin subunits twisted into helix b. form cell cortex: mesh of microfilaments at cell membrane give animal cells shape b. form cell cortex: mesh of microfilaments at cell membrane give animal cells shape c. amoeboid movement c. amoeboid movement d. muscle cell contraction d. muscle cell contraction e. endocytosis/exocytosis e. endocytosis/exocytosis f. plant cytoplasmic streaming f. plant cytoplasmic streaming

3) Intermediate filaments….. 3) Intermediate filaments….. yep they are medium size yep they are medium size add strength add strength –(keratin in hair, nails, dead skin) Highly variable - used to ID cell types Highly variable - used to ID cell types

Centrosomes Regions of the cell where tubulin subunits are stored and organized into microtubules Regions of the cell where tubulin subunits are stored and organized into microtubules Most animal centrosomes contain centrioles Most animal centrosomes contain centrioles Centrioles – 9 triplets of microtubules fused into a short cylinder…helps organize microtubule formation Centrioles – 9 triplets of microtubules fused into a short cylinder…helps organize microtubule formation Centrioles lacking in fungi and most plants Centrioles lacking in fungi and most plants

Motor Proteins Activated by ATP Activated by ATP Conformational changes result in motion Conformational changes result in motion Most common: myosins, actins, dynins, kinesins Most common: myosins, actins, dynins, kinesins Each type has many variations/versions Each type has many variations/versions

Kinesins Walk along microtubules dragging cargo Walk along microtubules dragging cargo vessicles, organelles,etc. vessicles, organelles,etc

Dynins Walk along microtubules dragging cargo or bending cilia and flagella Walk along microtubules dragging cargo or bending cilia and flagella

Motor proteins push microtubules past each other Kinesin for mitosis Dynein for cilia motion

Myosin pushes microfilaments past each other To move cell cortex To contract muscle

Prokaryotic Cytoskeleton Poorly developed (mitosis not possible) Poorly developed (mitosis not possible) Some lack cytoskeleton Some lack cytoskeleton All Eukaryotes have nearly identical genes for tubulin and actin = highly conserved All Eukaryotes have nearly identical genes for tubulin and actin = highly conserved

Cell Junctions Tight Junctions – block things from moving through cracks between cells. Tight Junctions – block things from moving through cracks between cells. Adhering Junctions = desmosomes - anchor cell in place by joining it to its neighbor Adhering Junctions = desmosomes - anchor cell in place by joining it to its neighbor Gap Junctions = communicating junction – cytoplasmic bridges between cell allow cytosol and small molecules to flow between cells Gap Junctions = communicating junction – cytoplasmic bridges between cell allow cytosol and small molecules to flow between cells Plasmodesmata = cytoplasmic bridges in plants Plasmodesmata = cytoplasmic bridges in plants

Eukaryotic Cilia & flagella Skpk Skpk Skpk Skpk Motion of cells Motion of cells sperm, unicellular organisms sperm, unicellular organisms Move substances Move substances egg down oviduct, mucus in lung egg down oviduct, mucus in lung Homologous structure among Eukaryotes Homologous structure among Eukaryotes

Anchored by basal body (centriole) in cytoplasm (9 triplets) Anchored by basal body (centriole) in cytoplasm (9 triplets)

Prokaryotic flagella No basal body No basal body Not covered by cell membrane Not covered by cell membrane Different internal structure Different internal structure Different protein (flagellin) Different protein (flagellin) Analogous to Analogous to eukaryotic flagella