 Clause – a group of words that have a subject and a verb that must always agree.  Phrase – a noun, verb, or preposition with all its modifiers - does NOT have a subject and verb which agree

 Noun phrases  Verb phrases  Prepositional phrases  Appositive phrases

Definition: -A noun with all its modifiers -A complete subject is always classified as a noun phrase. Example: The frustrated, irritated teachers...  Noun: teachers  Modifiers:  the, frustrated, irritated

Defined as a verb with all of its modifiers EXAMPLE: … completely frightened the college students. Verb - frightened Modifier - completely EXAMPLE: …would like to improve her grammar skills. Verb phrase - would like to improve

 Gerunds – verbs that end in “ing” but DO NOT function as a verb - function as nouns - example: One teacher enjoys frightening college freshmen. (noun as a direct object)  Infinitives - verbs that begin with “to” - function as a nouns, adjectives, or adverbs - example: The science lab is a place students do not want to enter.  Participles - verbs that function as an adjective - example: The screeching teacher frightened the students.

 A prepositional phrase can add any additional information to a sentence. They, like all phrases cannot stand on their own. ◦ Ex. We watched the sunset on the hood of the car. ◦ Ex. On the hood of the car, we watched the sunset

 Definition: A noun phrase that renames the noun it follows.  Also known as a parenthetical phrase  Example:  Brad Ruff, the grammar guru, empowers teachers. Appositive phrase? - the grammar guru

 Definition: Words that contain a subject and a verb which must always agree. Two types of clauses:  Independent Clause  Dependent Clause

 An independent clause MUST HAVE a subject and a verb which agree. It can stand on its own. Example: The picnic was Friday.  All the words in an independent clause can act alone as a sentence.  They are a complete thought.

 The subject and verb agree, but the words CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence.  also known as subordinate clause or relative clause  Examples:  Since the picnic was Friday.

 Clauses can be joined with: 1.Coordinating conjunctions (join two independent clauses) - AKA “FANBOYS” for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so 2.Subordinating conjunctions (join dependent clause to independent clause) Some examples: - if, since, because, with, when, whether, while 3.Relative Pronouns - who, whose, whom, which, that - NOTE: If a relative pronoun is used to begin a dependent clause, that pronoun also has a function within the dependent clause. It will also have an antecedent in the independent clause.

 coordinating conjunction: - The picnic was Friday, so we made sandwiches on Thursday. subordinating conjunction: - Because it was raining, we canceled the picnic. Relative pronoun: - The picnic, which was planned for Friday, was canceled because of the rain.

 WHO OR WHOM?  WHO – used as the subject of a clause  WHOM – used as an object  Example: Because of the thunder and lightning, the toddler, who/whom was terrified, hid under the covers. - antecedent? - function in the clause?

 Toni Morrison, who wrote Beloved, is my favorite author.  I love to go to a little store that is in the Village. (Commas are usually not used to set off a relative clause that begins with that.)

 While the people were enjoying the picnic, dark clouds began to roll in, so the people packed up their food and ran to their cars.

 Create a list of subordinating conjunctions to help with revising at sentence level. Compile this list and put it in your notes.  When revising, hunt for the subordinating conjunctions, then make sure that your subordinating conjunctions have an answer to them. (Because it was raining, we decided to watch a movie.)

Type of Sentence -Simple Sentence -Compound Sentence - Complex Sentence -Compound/Complex Sentence # of Independent Clauses Dependent Clauses Combination of phrases and clauses determine FOUR TYPES OF SENTENCES