ASPECTS OF THE GENDER INEQUALITY ISSUE IN KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY CAREERS IRIMIE SABINA MORARU ROLAND CIOCA LUCIAN BOATCA MARIA - ELENA UNIVERSITY OF PETROSANI 2014

INTRODUCTION PROFESSIONAL SEGREGATION: A SOURCE OF PAYMENT INEQUITY GENDER EQUALITY IN MANAGEMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, AN EFFICIENCY INDICATOR FOR GENDER EQUALITY IN THE WORKFORCE CONCLUSIONS

It is considered that, equal salaries would reduce poverty rate in the US from the actual 8.1% to 3.9% Equal payment would diminish the proportion of US women living below the poverty line from 11% to 4.6% $447.6 billion additional national income if payment gap would disappear Payment gap in the US in 2012: 84 cents per one dollar earned by a man (Pew Research Centre) Causes for payment gap reduction are increased access to education, higher participation in the labour market and the reduction in the number of active men ‘Futuretrack’: in the UK, 70% women earn below £24,000, while only 55.6% British young men earn this salary PROFESSIONAL SEGREGATION: A SOURCE OF PAYMENT INEQUITY

MILLENNIAL WOMEN'S VIEW ON GENDER AND WORK IN THE US 75% of the Millennial women agree that more changes are required to obtain gender equality in the workplace CAREER INTERRUPTIONS FOR PARENTAL PURPOSES IN THE US

Paying women less than men for the same job is an illegal act Still, women earn less than men and advance more difficulty in their career, even when they decide not to have children Globally, only 24% of the senior management positions are held by women (2013) The same proportion was recorded in 2007, 2009 and 2012, while in 2010 and 2011 the female representativeness in top management was lower The highest representativeness in senior management globally is in Russia – 43% New Zealand is on the first place in the top developed countries, with 31% women as senior managers The average of female managers across industries in 45.2% In the ICT sector, only 19.2% of managers are women, and just 31.3% are entrepreneurs GENDER EQUALITY IN MANAGEMENT

In 2013, 66% of companies declared that less than half of the graduates they hired were women Annually, only 21% of the jobs available worldwide are occupied by women Although in higher education there is a ratio of 108:100 in favor of women graduates globally, their professional integration rate is a clear clue to chance inequality as twill From 1,000 women graduates, only 29 have a diploma in ICT and just four will actually work in this sector PROPORTION OF WOMEN AS WORKFORCE/GRADUATE INTAKE GLOBALLY

WOMEN REPRESENTATION IN DECISION-MAKING POSITIONS IN EUROPEAN CENTRAL PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN 2012 AND Decisional Level 1Decisional Level 2Decisional Level 1 Decisional Level 2 Women (%) Men (%) Women (%) Men (%) Women (%) Men (%) Women (%) Men (%) EU – Romania All 34 European States Romania is among top five European countries regarding the highest representativeness of women in central public administration management, with 17 percentage points higher than the EU average

 According to Chartered Management Institute, more young female models are needed  A main cause of payment inequity and reduced representativeness in management positions in unconscious bias  A Yale University study shows that the majority of people have the tendency to fit men and women in stereotype categories to easily generalize concepts  Thus, each one of us carries to some extent the guilt for the difficulties women face in their professional life

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, AN EFFICIENCY INDICATOR FOR GENDER EQUALITY IN THE WORKFORCE To achieve a general perspective over the manner in which the equality principle applies in the labor force, it is necessary to consider unemployment phenomenon, as well In Romania, the proportion of unemployed women is smaller than that of unemployed men, and below the average unemployment rate The most vulnerable categories of unemployed women are those over the age of 40 and women with primary and secondary level education Still, the situation of registered unemployed people might not reflect reality, as most of the unemployed do not appear in any official evidence

Romanian Unemployed Women – by Educational Level Evolution of Unemployment Rate During 2012−2013 – by Gender

CONCLUSIONS Professional segregation represents a phenomenon largely met in the labor market, irrespective of the activity domain The main causes are discrimination and gender biases Employers are keen to hire male graduates, regardless of whether women are appropriate or not for a certain job If women were paid equally with men, society would benefit both form their creational potential and the additional income resulted from the actual difference in earnings

CONCLUSIONS The input value of women in knowledge society consists in their capacity to be empathic, to put the human being in the center of the organization and to find the best motivation techniques to meet objectives There are states where women’s situation has a positive halo, especially in the case of top management positions Russia, New Zealand and Romania are among the countries with a good representativeness at this level

If employers, along with state’s institutions, would do the necessary steps for a better professional integration of women and for work paid equally to both men and women, the desideratum of gender equality in the labor market would become a reality with considerable benefits (at individual and society level)

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!