Renaissance, Age of Exploration, Protestant Reformation

Table of Contents Origins for all: – Crusades – Reconquista – Fall of Byzantine Empire Age of Exploration Renaissance Protestant Reformation

Crusades : 1291: last Crusader state falls (Acre) Desire of Europe to seek out new lands Hatred between Muslim and Christian

Reconquista 710: Muslims conquer Spain 1469: Ferdinand (Castile) and Isabella (Aragon) marry 1492: Granada (last Muslim stronghold) taken Spain becomes a Catholic country Spanish see themselves on Crusade

Fall of Constantinople (1453) Final fall of Roman Empire – Europe allowed to establish own identity Byzantine refugees – Classical Greek works brought with them Gunpowder – Conquered by Ottoman Turks – Spreads to rest of Europe

Fall of Constantinople

Timeline of Exploration 1444: Portuguese ships reach Senegal River 1488: Bartholomeu Diaz-Rounded Cape of Good Hope 1492: Christopher Columbus 1498: Vasco de Gama- reached India 1509: Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque- set up port facilities at Goa 1519: Ferdinand Magellan sails around the world Desire to trade with Asia, go East

1494: Treaty of Tordesillas Line of Demarcation

Hernan Cortez (1519) connected with Aztecs 550 soldiers, 16 cavalry With allies, – Tlaxcalans

Francisco Pizarro (1530) Conquered Incas Very much same method as Cortez Marched on Cuzco

Renaissance

Italian City-States Trade with: – Ottoman Empire – Sub-Saharan Africa Hugely wealthy

New Trade Routes Crusaders opening up new trade with Islamic civilization Marco Polo and others traveling along Silk Road (made possible by Mongols and Muslims)

Black Plague ( ) Estimated 25 million people died, mostly peasants Helped the peasants out a lot How?

New interest in Greek and Roman ideas/ architecture/art

Renaissance thought Humanism: – stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, – emphasize common human needs, – seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.

Political Ideas of the Renaissance Niccolò Machiavelli The Prince Machiavelli believed: “One can make this generalization about men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit” Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day and produced guidelines for the acquisition and maintenance of power by absolute rule. He felt that a ruler should be willing to do anything to maintain control without worrying about conscience.

Born in 1475 in a small town near Florence, is considered to be one of the most inspired men who ever lived

David Michelangelo created his masterpiece David in 1504.

Sistine Chapel About a year after creating David, Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

Moses

Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Engineer Ultimate Definition of the Renaissance

Mona Lisa

Protestant Reformation Through Memes

Origin 1: Catholic Church 1. Attempt at “Universal Religion”, everyone loyal to Catholic Church 2. Desire to have people more loyal to Christianity above their country of origin.

1522: Martin Luther: 95 Theses Nailed 95 problems he had with the Catholic Church

Catholic Church Martin Luther -Good Deeds + Faith = Salvation -Talk to God through a Priest -Give money to Church and poor for salvation -Faith alone = salvation -Talk to God one on one -Keep money, if you are good you’ll give to the poor anyway, but not necessary

Catholic Church Martin Luther -Good Deeds + Faith = Salvation -Talk to God through a Priest -Give money to Church and poor for salvation -Faith alone = salvation -Talk to God one on one -Keep money, if you are good you’ll give to the poor anyway, but not necessary

Diet of Worms (1521) -Council to try to convince Luther he was wrong -it had the opposite effect, Luther gains stronger beliefs against Catholic Church

1525: Peasants Revolt -Peasants use Protestant Reformation to fight against Feudalism -Martin Luther is against them -Zwingli supports it

1531: King Henry VIII splits from Catholic Church (not Lutheran) -becomes head of Anglican Church -Did it to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon (sister of Charles V) -gets divorced 6 times -does it to have a male heir

1538: Lutheranism spreads to Denmark, Norway- kings adopt it

1555: Peace of Augsburg -German Princes in Holy Roman Empire who want to convert to Lutheranism can, peasants must convert too. Any princes who want to stay Catholic can. First instance of “Freedom of Religion in Europe, kind of….

: Queen Elizabeth of England -Takes over from Mary Queen of Scots (Bloody Mary) -Makes England into more of a Protestant country -Fights against the Spanish (Spanish Armada)- Protestantism is here to stay

1536: John Calvin publishes critique of Catholic Church, joins Protestant Movement Predestination: certain people will be saved and not others, has nothing to do with what you do in your life

: 30 Years War -War to determine if a Lutheran could become the Holy Roman Emperor -Later became a war of Protestants vs. Catholics, involved almost all of Europe -Most destructive war in European history after WW1, WW2- 30% of German pop. killed -Spain loses much prestige Charles V

Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Ended 30 Years War Same as Treaty of Augsburg More religious toleration