Chapter 13 The Expansion of American Industry (1850–1900)

America: Pathways to the Present Section 1: A Technological Revolution Section 2: The Growth of Big Business Section 3: Industrialization and Workers Section 4: The Great Strikes Chapter 13: The Expansion of American Industry (1850–1900)

#  George Washington; Federalist (1788)  John Adams; Federalist (1796)  Thomas Jefferson (1800)  James Madison (1808)  James Monroe (1816)  John Quincy Adams (1824)  Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828)  Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836)  William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840)  John Tyler; Whig (1841)  James K. Polk; Democrat (1844)  Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848)  Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850)  Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852)  James Buchanan; Democrat (1856)  Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860) #21 - … Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865) Ulysses S. Grant; Republican (1868) Rutherford B. Hayes; Republican (1876) James Garfield; Republican (1880) Chester A. Arthur; Republican (1881) Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1884) Benjamin Harrison; Republican (1888) Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1892)

 CORE OBJECTIVE: Explain the changes in late 1800’s urban life relating to Immigration, Industrialization, and Politics in the Gilded Age.  Objective 1.3: How did industrialization impact the growing work force between 1880 and 1900?  THEME: American Industry will grow with positive and negative consequences

CHAPTER 13 SECTION 3

 Frederick Taylor developed “time and motion” studies about worker movements  The goal was to eliminate wasted human energy & down time  He published his ideas in Principles of Scientific Management (1911)  every move of a worker was planned to increase productivity  increased worker productivity and changed the relationship between the worker and the product created

 In many industries, workers received a fixed amount for each finished piece — a few cents for a garment or a number of cigars.  This type of work is called piecework.  Payment for every item created  Began using division of labor: workers perform one part of production repeatedly, made production faster  They never saw the finished product.  Took the pride & joy out of work

 In the 1880s, children made up more than 5 percent of the industrial labor force due to low wages.  Children often left school at the age of 12 or 13 to work.  Girls sometimes took factory jobs so that their brothers could stay in school.  If an adult became too ill to work, children as young as 6 or 7 had to work.  The theory of Social Darwinism held that poverty resulted from personal weakness.  Many thought that offering relief to the unemployed would encourage idleness.

 To speed up production, many business began using division of labor tactics, which is a. When workers receive payment for each piece or they create b. When factory workers perform one small part of production repeatedly c. When a single worker creates a product from beginning to end with great detail d. Companies divide their business into several smaller companies in larger towns  Children often had to go to work in the factory because of a. Low wages b. Lack of schools c. Lack of shelter d. Shortage of entertainment opportunities

 To speed up production, many business began using division of labor tactics, which is  When workers receive payment for each piece or they create  When factory workers perform one small part of production repeatedly  When a single worker creates a product from beginning to end with great detail  Companies divide their business into several smaller companies in larger towns  Children often had to go to work in the factory because of  Low wages  Lack of schools  Lack of shelter  Shortage of entertainment opportunities

CHAPTER 13 SECTION 4

 The gap between rich and poor  In 1890, the richest 9 percent of Americans had nearly 75 percent of the national wealth.  The average worker earned only a few hundred dollars a year.  Many workers resented the extravagant lifestyles of many factory owners.  Some concerned workers became politically active and drawn to the idea of socialism  an economic philosophy that favors public instead of private control of property and income.  Socialists believe that society at large, not just private individuals, should control a nation’s wealth.  That wealth, they say, should be distributed equally to everyone.

 an organization of workers formed to protect and further their rights  Began to form after the Civil War  Most were small and local through the 1860’s  Goals:  8 hour workday, end child labor  Collective Bargaining: negotiating with employers  Used strikes: a mass refusal to work  Slowly workers began to communicate and organize on a national level  First national labor union is the National trades union in 1837  The first successful national labor union is the NLU in 1866

Many employers disliked and feared unions. Some took steps to stop unions, such as: forbidding union meetings firing union organizers forced new employees to sign “yellow dog” contracts, making them promise never to join a union or participate in a strike refusing to bargain collectively when strikes did occur refusing to recognize unions as their workers’ legitimate representatives

 What is a labor union? a. An organization of business used to protect themselves from monopolies b. A mass refusal of employees to work c. An organization of owners that seeks political power in government d. An organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights  Many labor unions achieved their goals was through negotiating with the employers, this is called a. A strike b. Collective bargaining c. Business tactics d. A cartel

 What is a labor union?  An organization of business used to protect themselves from monopolies  A mass refusal of employees to work  An organization of owners that seeks political power in government  An organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights  Many labor unions achieved their goals was through negotiating with the employers, this is called  A strike  Collective bargaining  Business tactics  A cartel

 The Homestead Strike  This was a strike at One of Andrew Carnegie steel plants  We will watch a video over the strike on Friday  The Pullman Strike 