Classification of Living Organisms Why do we want to do this?

Carolus Linnaeus Swedish System of naming organisms – 2 kingdoms originally Binomial nomenclature 2 name naming system Changed to 5 kingdoms, then 3 Domains

How to write a scientific name 1 Capitalize 1 st word (genus) 2 Lower case for 2 nd word (species) 3 Underline or italicize Examples: –Homo sapiens –Pan troglodytes Next time genus can be abbreviated to 1 st letter H. sapiens

3 Domain Naming system Domain - Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Kingdom - Used to be Monera (Bacteria); Protista; Fungi; Plantae; Animalia Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Pneumonic Device Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Great Sex

Example 1 Domain - Eukarya Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Class Mammalia Order Cetacea Family Delphinidae Genus Orcinus Species orca

Example - Humans Domain - Eukarya Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primata Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens

New vs Old

3 Domains

5 Kingdoms Common ancestor AnimaliaFungiProtistaMoneraPlantae

Characteristics of 5 Kingdoms Monera (Bacteria) -Single celled Prokaryotic Binary Fission (reproduction) Protista -Eukaryotic Single or Multicelled Producers, consumers or decomposers Fungi -Multicellular (usually) Eukarytotic decomposer Plantae -Multicellular Eukarytotic producer Animalia -Multicellular Eukarytotic consumer

How we are all related

Domain Archaea Unicellular Prokaryotes Lacks peptidoglycan in cell wall (Gram -) Extreme living – probably poor competitors  Thermophiles – heat loving (Deep sea Thermal vents)  Halophiles – salt loving (Dead sea, Great Salt Lake)  Methanogens – produce methane  Sulfur producing

Domain Bacteria Unicellular Prokaryotes Has peptidoglycan in cell wall (Gram +) Can be colonial or filamentous  Blue green (algae) Cyanobacteria  Chemoautotrophs (probably first cells ever)  Nitrogen fixing bacteria

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Single or Multicelled Eukaryotic  Fungus-like (decomposers) end in –mycota Slime molds and water molds  Animal-like (consumers) move by Cilia Flagella or Pseudopodia  Plant-like photosynthetic (producers) Diatoms Dinoflagellates or Algae- Red; Green; Brown; or (Golden)

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Fungi Multicelled (usually) Eukaryotic Nucleus and Cell wall - chitin Decomposer  Zygomycota – molds  Ascomycota – Sac fungi (Mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, rust)  Basidiomycota – Club fungus, morels, truffles, yeast (most found in kitchen)

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae Multicelled Eukaryotic Nucleus and Cell wall - cellulose Producer - photoautotroph  Bryophytes (Moss, liverwort, hornwort)  Pteridophytes (Club moss, horsetail, fern)  Gymnosperms (Ginkgo, cycad, gnetophyte, conifer)  Angiosperm (Dicot, Monocot)

Alternation of generations

Bryophytes Live on land No vascular tissue Need water to reproduce (swimming sperm, just like us) Gametophyte generation dominant, sporophyte dependent  Moss  Liverwort  Hornwort

Gametophyte generation dominant

Pteridophytes Live on land Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) Reproduce with spores Sori - spore producing structure (on ferns) Sporophyte dominant, gametophyte independent  Club moss  Horsetail  Fern

Gymnosperms Live on land Vascular tissue Seeds in cones Sporophyte dominant, gametophyte dependent  Cycad  Ginkgo  Gnetophyte  Conifers (pine, spruce, fir, redwood, sequoia)

Angiosperms Most live on land (some freshwater, 7 marine) Vascular tissue Flowers Sporophyte dominant, gametophyte dependent  Dicots (shrubs, oak, maple trees)  Monocots (grasses, palm trees)

Dicot Two cotyledons in seed Branching veins in leaves Flower petals – 4 or 5 (or multiples) Vascular tissue in bundles in ring Tap root  Oak, Maple, aspen trees  Shrubs  Most ornamental flowers

Monocot Single cotyledon in seed Parallel veins in leaf Flower petals – 3 (or multiples) Vascular tissue in scattered bundles Fibrous root ball  Grasses  Palms  Lily, orchid, iris