Course Instructor: Md Asif Rahman (ASR) Lecturer, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (MNS) University Building 2 (15 th Floor)

Transportation is an economic activity where we transport goods as well as passengers from one place to another in a certain distance. Modes of transportation A mode of transport is a solution that makes use of a particular type of vehicle, infrastructure and operation.

Human-powered transport It remains common in developing countries. Human powered transport is the transport of people and/or goods using human muscle- power. Animal-powered transport Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods.

Surface transportation Land – Road – Railway Water – River (inland water transportation) – Marine Air transportation

Road transport Operating cost high Wide area coverage Flexible and convenient Inadequate capacity for moving heavy volumes High costs Rate of accident is high

Railway transport Capital intensive - large initial investment Profit depend on intensity and use High terminal cost Cheaper than road transport Time consuming Minerals, unprocessed products, building materials, chemicals are transported Large volumes of bulk goods

Water transport Low investment, especially where natural waterways utilized Speed is slow Suitable to carry bulky materials to a long distance in lower cost Marine: semi finished and finished products are transported Inland: bulk raw goods- coal, oil, gravel, cement, brick etc. are transported. Marine transportation mainly related with international trade

Air transportation Most expensive mode of transportation Mainly transport people from one place to another. High speed transportation system Need large initial investment for the construction of terminal. Transportation service Inter regional transportation Intra regional transportation

Connectivity of Transport Network Any network has three elements The nodes The routes or edges Independent or unconnected part of the network

Network Analysis A useful first step in the analysis of network is to construct a connectivity matrix. This shows which nodes have direct links with each other and which do not have direct links. If each node are connected directly to every other node then all cell in table would contain the symbol 1. Thus the more frequently the symbol 1 appears in the matrix, the network is more interconnected.

Network Analysis The final measure of network characteristics to be discussed here is the  index. This provides an alternative way of describing the complexity of the network.  index  e/v e  number of edges/routs v  number of nodes or vertex/vertices An index 1 describes a network with just one circuit and the figure increases, as the structure of the network grows more complex, with an increasing number of edges in relation to vertices or nodes.

The cost of transportation consists of two basic elements. Fixed/ capital costs: these are the cost involved in actually building the route. Uneven ground may have to be leveled. Water logged ground drained and filled. Variable /operating costs: are recurrent costs, which vary according to both the length of route and the volume of traffic flowing along it. Routes have to be maintained and kept in good repairs. These two cost elements may vary from place to place in terms of their relative importance. In some cases fixed cost may be extremely high and operating cost relatively low.

Cities as Service center City A city is a settlement with a large concentration of people with a distinctive organization, life-styles and livelihood. Specialized land uses and a variety of social, economic and political institutions allocate, coordinate and manage the resources found in the city. Cities are the center of power and control in our society. Cities as a service center/function of a city A principal function of the city is to provide services for its citizens and the surrounding hinterland (land behind the city/ service center from where it get supports). These activities embrace a variety of services and management function like Retailing Banking Wholesaling Regional and national headquarters office activity Government services Various others personal and professional services

Hierarchical arrangement of the cities We can explain the hierarchical arrangement of the cities by using the theory of ‘Rank-Size Rule’. One can predict the size of a given city by knowing its rank and the size of the largest city according to the following relationship P n = P 1 x 1/R n P n = population size of city being studied P 1 = population size of largest city R n = rank of city being studied In this example the second largest city in a country should be one-half size of the largest city.

Metropolitan hierarchies International metropolis serves as the functional, corporate and political headquarters of a nation. The international metropolis can be labeled as first-order city having more than 5 million populations. National metropolis known as second order urban centers. These centers have 2 million or more population and dominate a major portion of the country in terms of banking linkages, wholesaling activity, distribution function, giving them strong national significance. Regional metropolis known as third order urban center having more than 1 million populations, mainly serves as a regional headquarters and distribution center.

Urban retail hierarchies Grocery store (first order urban center): isolated small neighborhood grocery situated in the locality. Neighborhood shopping center (second order urban center): it offers a variety of convenience goods, such as drugstore, barber and beauty shop, coffee shop, dry cleaner/laundry. Community shopping center (third level urban center): typically anchored by a junior department store, it also offers more shopper’s goods, such as apparel stores, a photography store, a restaurant and a branch bank. Regional shopping center (fourth level urban center): includes one or more major department stores and dozens of other shopper’s goods shops. Superregional shopping center (fifth level urban center): three or more department stores and up to 100 other specialty shops.

Trade area Trade area is a sphere of influence over the area from which a service center draws its customers to buy goods and services. Trade area should ideally extend from outward from the service center equally in all directions. But the shape and extent of this area can be modified/influenced by Competition with other centers Transportation accessibility Consumer preferences