O LD W ORLDS, N EW W ORLDS, S (C H. 2) Eurasia and Africa Spain in the Americas Search for North America’s Indian Empires Religious Reform & Division in Europe England’s Entry into America

E UROPE IN THE W ORLD Chinese had the largest economy and global reach Impressive ocean armada for military, trade, exploration Middle Eastern trade routes tied the east and west together Islamic empires, Ottomans, Mediterranean region Europeans were divided by numerous kingdoms, villages, rural communities

C ONDITIONS IN E UROPE, 1400’ S Black Death, 1340’s -Ec. & pop. growth, 1400’s Renaissance -15 th & 16 th century Consolidate power -Spanish reconquista

R ELIGION IN E UROPE Catholic Church Reformation, 1510s-20s Martin Luther -Personal faith -Question doctrine Religious division -Intolerance -Protestants

W HY E XPLORE ? Material gain Trade -Spices -Silks & furs -Gold/slaves Religious Conversion Block Islam Political power

S UGAR AND S LAVERY After Christian European Crusades and conquest in the Middle East, slavery and sugar production became attractive Europeans and Islamic leaders such as Saladin crafted economic agreements to increase sugar production, which required slaves By the 1400s Portugal supplied slaves for sugar plantations off West Africa Expansion of slave trade and plantations led to greater exploration, competition, and invasions into Africa Massive demand for sugar in Europe

H OW THEY EXPLORED New technology Stronger ships -Caravels -Sails Navigational tools Astrolabe Magnetic compass Maps Geography Currents

W HO WERE THE E XPLORERS ? Bartolemeu Diaz southern Africa 1488 Christopher Columbus, Bahamas 1492 Vasco Da Gama, under Africa to India 1499 John Cabot, Newfoundland 1497 Juan Ponce de Leon, Florida 1513 Hernan Cortes, Mexico 1519 Jacques Cartier, St. Lawrence River. 1535

T HINGS TO CONSIDER Renaissance & population boom Technology & early science European competition for wealth & territory Rising power of Spain Social, political, economic hierarchies Patriarchy and dominance of women Conversion and Christianity Search for labor: African, Indians No knowledge of Indigenous Peoples

T HE S PANISH I. Christopher Columbus II. Ferdinand & Isabella III. Route to Asia IV. Caribbean V. Tainos

E XPANSION OF THE S PANISH Reconquista Moors Cristoforo Columbus Isabel and Ferdinand Tainos “Indians”

T HE S PANISH C ONQUEST Commonalities Size, expansion, complexity, Farming, tribute, classes Aztec Empire Montezuma “Empire of tribute” Tenochtitlan Cortez & the Mexica (Aztec)

C ONQUEST C ONTINUES … Different cultures of War Goals/objectives Technology Divide and conquer Tarascans/Tlaxcalans Virgin Soil Epidemics

T HE C OLUMBIAN E XCHANGE Americas Corn Beans Peppers Potatoes Cocoa Tobacco Europe Disease Horses, pigs, sheep Cattle Guns Weeds Sugar Coffee

S EARCH FOR I NDIAN E MPIRES Search for wealth Ponce de Leon, 1513 Panfilo de Nevarez, Cabeza de Vaca, and Esteban, Coronado, 1539

C ABEZA DE V ACA

F RENCH AND E NGLISH : E ARLY E FFORTS Huguenots Ribault (SC) 1562 Jacksonville Pirates Threat to Spanish colony in FL Henry VIII & Anglican Church Conquer the Irish 1578 Gilbert’s colonial charter to N. America 1584 Raleigh & Roanoke Indians “Virginia” Chesapeake, failed FrenchBritish

C ONCLUSIONS Chinese remained a powerful empire with sea- faring abilities Middle East trading routes Reconquista of the Moors and rise of Spain Portuguese and the growing European-African slave trade Spanish conquest of Meso-America Spanish search for gold and wealth Weak French and English attempts Influence of Native People on east coast

S IGNIFICANCE OF CONTACT, 1600 S I. Massive exchange of populations II. European power III. “Biological conquest” IV. Native resistance and adaptation V. Expansion of Christianity VI. European accumulation of wealth