Modal Integration and the Passenger Transport Strategy in Seoul Metropolitan Area 10 Nov. 2009 Seong Yil BAE Vice President Yooshin Engineering Corporation E-mail: sybae@yooshin.co.kr

Contents Seoul in Korea Public Transport in Seoul Modal Integration Passenger Transport Strategy

1. Seoul in Korea

1. Seoul in Korea Capital City of Korea Business Hub in the North-east Asia Competitiveness for the Advanced Digital Industry 0.6% of the Total Area → 21% of the GDP Global Power City Index: 12th (Mori Memorial Foundation, 2009) Source : Googleus

1. Seoul in Korea Socio-economic indices (2008) Population : 10,456,000 Area : 605.27 Km2 Registered Car: 2,949,000 Road Length: increase steadily Road Ratio : around 22% Road Length

1. Seoul in Korea Trip Characteristics Modal Split (Peak Hour) Bus : 27.6% (29.0%) Subway : 34.9% (41.0%) Car : 26.3% (22.6%) Taxi : 6.2% ( 3.2%) Public Transport : 62.5% ( 70% in Peak Hour )

Going to Seoul (%) (B/A) 1. Seoul in Korea Commuter Trips in the Metropolitan Area Trip Generation : Increase of 16% Trip to Seoul : Increase of 14% Concentration to Seoul: Decrease of 0.8% due to New Development of Residential Areas outside Seoul Origin Generation (A) Trip to Seoul (B) Going to Seoul (%) (B/A) 2002 2006 5 New Towns 560,439 652,717 210,764 226,515 37.6% 34.7% New Dev’t 451,112 663,017 116,826 193,367 25.9% 29.2% Other Area 3,399,023 3,884,257 704,072 754,314 20.7% 19.4% Total 4,410,574 5,119,991 1,031,662 1,174,196 23.4% 22.6%

1. Seoul in Korea Dependence on Seoul Dependence on Seoul = Commuter Trip (Seoul~Gyeonggi) Total Commuter Trip in Gyeonggi (below) (above)

2. Public Transport in Seoul 2.1 Public Transport (Bus) 2.2 Public Transport (Subway)

2.1 Public Transport (Bus) Reformation of the Bus System (July 2004) Problems before the Reform Expansion of Commute Areas to Seoul Traffic Volume across the Seoul City Boundry ▷ 2.68 Million Vehicle/day (1996) → 3.15 Million Vehicle/day (2003) Increase of Traffic Congestion Average Travel Speed in CBD ▷ 20.04 km/h (1994) → 16.3 km/h (2002) Decrease of Bus Passengers Number of Bus Passengers per Bus per Day ▷ 1,069 passengers (1983) → 504 passengers (2003)

2.1 Public Transport (Bus) Reform 1: Bus Operation – 4 Types Regional Connection (Trunk Lines) between suburbs and downtown Trunk Lines Feeder Circular Wide Area Blue Bus Green Yellow Red Feeder to Trunk Lines and Subways to meet local travel demand Local Lines in CBD for Business/ Shopping/ Tour Trips Express Connection between satellite cities and CBD under Operation: 417 Lines / 7,164 Buses

2.1 Public Transport (Bus) Reform 2: Fare System Bus (only) Trip → Distance Based Fare Base Fare: 1,000 Korean Won -- up to 10 km Additional Fare: 100 Korean Won -- every 5 km Transfer Trip Free of Charge for Transfer (Bus to Bus, Bus to Subway) ‘Distance Based Fare’ system is still deployed. Before After Independent Fare System Transfer: 50 Won Discount → Deployed to All Passenger Integrated Fare System Discount to Children/Students → 50% and 20%, respectively

2.1 Public Transport (Bus) Reform 3: New Smart Card System Introduced to facilitate Intermodal Ridership Used on Bus and Subway Distance-based Integrated Fare Automatic Discount to Children/Students Fare Revenue: accounted more accurately & timely

2.1 Public Transport (Bus) Reform 4: Bus Management System (BMS) Bus Information to Operators, Passenger, and City Government for Efficient Management of Bus Operators for Convenient Use of Passenger For Public Transport Policies, Level of Subsidy of the City Government

2.1 Public Transport (Bus) Reform 5: Exclusive (Median) Bus Lanes Introduce Exclusive Median Bus Lanes Phase 1: 3 Major Corridors (27 km) Phase 2: plus 3 Corridors (total 58 km) by 2006 Continue to Extend the Corridors → making a Network Introduce Traffic Signal Priority for Bus Increase of Bus Speed: up to 20%

2.1 Public Transport (Bus) Reform 6: BRT on the Gyung-Bu Expressway Introduced by Korea Expressway Corporation (KEC) - Opening in Oct. 2008 Total Length =44.8km Operation Hours: from 7am to 9 pm - Trips per day: 190,000 → 250,000 (31.6% ↑)

2.1 Public Transport (Bus) Evaluation of the Bus System Reformation: Before 1 year and After Ridership Speed Punctuality Safety Number of Traffic Accident : 7,966 ⇒ 5,971 (25% decreased) Number of Death : 60 ⇒ 41 (31.7% decreased) Corridor Dist (km) T-time (min) Deviation (Bus/min) (Car/min) Dobong-Mia 15.2 44.3 2.7 15.3 Susack-Sungsan 6.8 18.1 1.2 15.6 Kangnam 4.8 16.7 1.3 4.6

2.1 Public Transport (Bus) Going Forward Selection of Additional Corridors 23 Corridors with 202.8 km (2009) CBD to Satellite Cities, pass through High Density Development Areas

2.2 Public Transport (Subway) Subway Operation (Sep. 2009) Total Length: 313.9 km (290 Stations) 8 Lines: 286.9 km ( + Line 9 : open in July 2009) Operator Line Name Length (㎞) Travel Speed (㎞/hr) Headway (Min.) No. of Station Peak Hour Non-Peak Seoul Metro Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4 7.8 60.2 35.2 31.7 31.2 33.6 34.0 35.8 3.0 2.5 4.0 5.5 6.0 5.0 10 50 31 26 Sum 134.9 31.2~35.8 2.5~3.0 4.0~6.0 117 SMRT Line 5 Line 6 Line 7 Line 8 52.3 35.1 46.9 17.7 32.7 30.1 32.3 34.2 4.5 8.0 51 38 42 17 152.0 30.1~34.2 2.5~4.5 6.0~8.0 148 Seoul Metro 9 Line 9 Normal Express 27.0 23.4 34.5 49.5  20.0 10.0 25 9 Total 313.9 30.1~49.5 290

2.2 Public Transport (Subway) Map of Subway Lines (Sep. 2009)

2.2 Public Transport (Subway) Airport Railway Opened the Section [Incheon Int’l Airport (IIA) ~ Gimpo Airport] in March 2007 Planned to Extend the Line from Gimpo to Seoul Railway Station by 2010 Normal Train (33 min.) and Express Train (28 min.) Name Origine~Destination Length (㎞) Travel Speed (㎞/hr) Headway (Min.) No. of Station Peak Hr. Non-P Airport Railway IIA~Gimpo Airport 37.6 70.0 12.0 6

2.2 Public Transport (Subway) Ticketing Stopped the Paper Ticket System in July 2009 Automatic Ticketing System Slim Gate (Preventing from ‘steal a Ride’) Automatic Recharge Machine Single Trip Ticketing Machine Deposit Refund Machine

3. Modal Integration 3.1 Modal Integration Strategy 3.2 Modal Integration Examples

Modal Integration: Basic Needs 3.1 Modal Integration Strategy Movement Condition Private Car Door to Door Route Choice Public Transport Region to Region Route Networking Modal Integration: Basic Needs Transfer Facility Improvement To Reduce Transit Distance To Supply Convenient Facilities to Transfer To Provide Timely & Adquite Information Modal Integration Strategy Transfer Center Large/ Middle/ Small Centers

Example : Kimpo Airport Station 3.2 Modal Integration Examples To Reduce Transit Distance Example : Kimpo Airport Station Transfer: - Airport to Airport (International): Airport Railway - Airport to City: Subway Line 5 & Subway Line 9 - City to Airport (International): Subway Line 5 & 9 ↔ Airport Railway - with 23 Bus Routes Important thing

Example : Kimpo Airport Station 3.2 Modal Integration Examples Example : Kimpo Airport Station Transfer (Subway ↔ Airport Railway) on the Same Floor

3.2 Modal Integration Examples To Supply Convenient Facilities Example : Subway Line 9 Escalator / Elevator Moving Walk

3.2 Modal Integration Examples Entrance of Sta. To Provide Information Example : Subway Line 9 Timely & Adequate Information in Train Platform

3.2 Modal Integration Examples Transfer Facility Improvement in Seoul (March 2009) Item Elevator Escalator Wheelchair Lift Moving Walk No. of Station No. of Facilities Total 249 642 179 1,052 145 462 6 18 Seoul Metro 109 279 61 274 33 68 1 2 SMRT 140 363 118 779 63 158 5 16 Note: Total Number of Stations = 265 ← not including Line 9

3.2 Modal Integration Examples Transfer Center Item Multi-Transfer Center (A) Public Transport Oriented Transfer Center (B) Transfer Terminal (C) Transfer Parking (D) Concept ▪ B + C + D ▪ near City Boundary & Important Railway Station ▪ C + D ▪ Important Places in Transport Networks ▪ Trunk & Local Bus Transfer + D ▪ in Regional or Local Center ▪ Car + Public Transport ▪ in Local Center Transfer Type ▪ Car↔Subway ▪ Subway↔Bus ▪ Bus↔Bus(BRT) ▪ Car↔Bus ▪ Blue Bus↔ Blue Bus ▪ Blue Bus↔ Feeder Bus ▪ Bus↔Bus (BRT) ▪Car↔Subway ▪Car↔Bus (BRT) A B C D

Example : Seoul Station 3.2 Modal Integration Examples Railway Subway Trunk Bus Local Bus Private Car Transfer Center Example : Seoul Station

Example : Cheongryangri Station 3.2 Modal Integration Examples Transfer Center Example : Cheongryangri Station Railway Subway Trunk Bus Local Bus Private Car

Example : Yeoeudo Transfer Terminal 3.2 Modal Integration Examples Transfer Terminal Example : Yeoeudo Transfer Terminal Subway Trunk Bus Local Bus Private Car

4. Passenger Transport Strategy

Copenhagen Protocol (Dec. 2009): Obligation of All Countries 4.1 Transport Strategy Global Warming Natural Disaster Copenhagen Protocol (Dec. 2009): Obligation of All Countries Efficient Use of Transport Energy Demand Reduction in Transport Energy Use Green Technology Development Transport Strategy (Trend)

4.2 Passenger Transport Strategy for Efficient Use of Transport Energy to Supply Public Transport - Public Transport: Railway, BRT, etc. to Encourage the Use of Public Transport - Modal Integration Facilities (Hardware) - Information System (Software) Transfer Center APTS