PreAp Biology Study of Life Themes & Concepts

PreAp Biology Age of Earth  About 4.5 bya  Life about 4 bya (Prokaryotes)  Photosynthesis about 2.7 bya  Organelles about 1.5 bya (Eukaryotes)  About 1bya multicellular organisms

PreAp Biology What is a living thing?  First we have to define LIFE…  organized as cells  respond to stimuli  regulate internal processes  homeostasis  use energy to grow  metabolism  develop  change & mature within lifetime  reproduce  heredity  DNA / RNA  adaptation & evolution

PreAp Biology Properties of life orderreproduction growth & development response homeostasis evolutionary adaptation energy utilization

PreAp Biology Themes  Science as a process of inquiry  Evolution  Energy transfer  Continuity & Change  Relationship of structure to function  Regulation  Interdependence in nature  Science, technology & society

PreAp Biology Science as a process of inquiry

PreAp Biology Science as a process of inquiry  repeatable observations & testable hypothesis

PreAp Biology Observations include making measurements  Scientists use a variety of tools to gather and analyze data.  Field journals are used to record data.  Laboratory glassware and hot plates allow scientists to set up experiments.  Microscopes and hand lenses enhance the senses.  Rulers, balances, timing devices, and electronic probeware are used to gather quantitative data.  Computers are used to to calculate, analyze, and report data.

PreAp Biology Observations include making measurements  Quantitative data are gathered through measurement, using the modern metric system.  Accuracy is a description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured.  Precision is the exactness of a measurement.

PreAp Biology Technology contributes to the progress of science.  A microscope provides an enlarged image of an object. sto ma –light microscopes (LM) – scanning electron microscopes (SEM) – transmission electron microscopes (TEM) stoma

PreAp Biology  functional MRI (fMRI) –magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Medical Imaging –x-ray images

PreAp Biology Complex systems: Computer Models  Used to study systems that cannot be studied directly.  heart attacks  effect of medicines on the human body  movement of water molecules into and out of a cell  spread of a disease through a population  Used when experiments are not safe, ethical, or practical. Normal heartbeat Heart attack

PreAp Biology The tools of molecular genetics give rise to new biological studies.  A gene is a segment of DNA that stores genetic information.

PreAp Biology  We can study genetics on a molecular level. –molecular genetics –genomics

PreAp Biology Evolution  Core theme of biology Charles Darwin

PreAp Biology Natural selection  Evolutionary adaptation is a product of natural selection

PreAp Biology Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. — Theodosius Dobzhansky

PreAp Biology Evolution  Natural selection  Evolutionary adaptation is a product of natural selection

PreAp Biology Energy transfer  Life is an open system  organisms continuously interact with the environment  stuff comes in stuff goes out  energy is used Entropy rules!

PreAp Biology Energy utilization (fill in blanks)

PreAp Biology Heredity: Continuity & change  Continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA  DNA – the genetic material – carries biological information from 1 generation to the next

PreAp Biology Form follows function  Structure & function are correlated at all levels of biological organization

PreAp Biology Regulation  Regulatory mechanisms ensure a dynamic balance through feedback

PreAp Biology Ecology: Interdependence  No organism is an island standing alone

PreAp Biology Science, technology & society  Science & technology must function within the framework of society  ethics

PreAp Biology Umbrella concepts Recurring principles & ideas

PreAp Biology Diversity & unity  Dual aspects of life on Earth  With all of the diversity, what unifies all of life?

PreAp Biology

Unity of life What do organisms have in common? Why do similarities exist?

PreAp Biology Evolution explains diversity & unity  Unity  pass information to the next generation  evolutionary relationships  connected through a common ancestory  Diversity  natural selection  adaptations in different environments

PreAp Biology Levels of organization

PreAp Biology Each level has emergent properties

PreAp Biology Cell is basic unit of life  Cell theory  developed with early microscopes  prokaryotes  eukaryotes

PreAp Biology Diversity of life What differences are there between organisms?

PreAp Biology Three Domains of Life Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

PreAp Biology Organizing systems  Making sense out of the diversity  Hierarchical scheme  Eg. Taxonomy and Binomial Nomenclature

PreAp Biology Why study themes of Biology?  Biology is an ever expanding body of knowledge  too much to memorize it all  need to generalize  create a framework upon which to organize new knowledge  themes are fundamental in understanding the nature of living organisms

PreAp Biology Which science is growing the fastest in new knowledge? BIOLOGY!! Dr. Mary Claire King Genomics & proteomics projects are driving research

PreAp Biology Any Questions??