Do now: Have your essay on your desk

 The Industrial Revolution was the great increase in production that began in England during the 18th century.  Before the Industrial Revolution, people made most goods by hand.  By the middle of the 1700s, more and more goods were made by machines.

 The Industrial Revolution began with an agricultural revolution.  Wealthy land owners bought up all the small farms.  The landowners collected these lands into large fields closed-in by fences or hedges.  These fields were called enclosures.  Enclosures allowed land owners to experiment with seeding methods that produced more crops.

 Farmers also practiced crop rotation.  Crop rotation is the practice of planting a different crop in a different field each year.  By using crop rotation, they avoided exhausting the nutrients in the soil.

 The increase in farm output made more food available.  People enjoyed better diets which led to them living longer lives and have more children.  The population of Britain grew.  Because of crop rotation and the introduction to farm machines fewer farmers were needed to grow food so they went to cities to find work.  The growth in the number of people in cities to work in factories helped create the Industrial Revolution.

 Britain had all the factors of production to produce goods and services including land, labor and capital.  Britain also had natural resources that other nations didn’t such as : › Water power and coal to fuel the new machines › Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings › Rivers for inland transportation › Harbors from which merchant ships set sail

 The Industrial Revolution began in the textile industry.  Several new inventions helped businesses make cloth and clothing more quickly.  Wealthy textile merchants set up their new machines in large buildings called factories.

 The invention of the locomotive or train had four major effects: o Gave manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials and products. o Created hundreds of thousands of jobs for railroad workers and miners. o Boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries o Encouraged country people to take distant jobs in the city

Key Idea: The Industrialization that began in Great Britain spread to other parts of the world

Why the U.S.?  Lots of iron, oil, and coal (natural resources) › Built Machines & Railroads  Large supply of immigrants (work force) Britain stopped shipping, US self produced  Invention of electric light helped production

 Samuel Slater a young British man emigrated to the US in From memory he was able to smuggle plans for and build a spinning machine.  Moses Brown opened the first factory in the US housing Slater’s machines in Rhode Island in  Just like England, the railroad is going to help spread industrialization.

 To raise money, entrepreneurs sold shares of stock or certain rights of ownership.  This type of business organization is called a corporation  If the corporation does well the stock increases in value

Belgium- 1 st lots of natural resources Germany- 2 nd after politics settled down France- 3 rd helped by railroad network

 Outline Chapter 25.2

 How did the Agricultural Revolution lead to the Industrial Revolution?

 The population started to shift towards cities due to the factory system and availability of jobs.  Urbanization took place, which is city building and the movement of people to cities.  During this time, London became Europe’s largest city and all other major cities grew in population.  Living conditions in cities were poor because they had no development plans or sanitary codes.  Working conditions were changed to increase production. Workers worked and average of 14 hours per day, 6 days per week. Factories were dangerous places especially in coal mines.  Women and children were taken advantage of the most as they were the cheapest source of labor.

 While factory owners, shippers and merchants were gaining great wealth, poverty hit the working classes.  The middle class was made up of skilled workers, professionals, and wealthy farmers.  Gradually a larger middle class that was neither rich nor poor emerged and they enjoyed a comfortable standard of living.  From 1800 to 1850 the working class saw little improvement in their lives and working conditions.  Some revolted and smashed machines that were replacing them and putting them out of work.  Ned Ludd is said to have attacked whole factories. People who attacked factories in Northern England in 1811, became known as Luddites.

 Many jobs were created, and Britain gained great wealth as a nation.  It increased production of goods, fostered technological progress and invention.  It provided people with the hope of improvement in their lives.  The middle and upper classes prospered immediately from industrialization.  Eventually the working class and laborers won higher wages, shorter hours and better working conditions.

 Effects of the Industrial Revolution are still felt today, as people in industrialized nations can afford consumer goods that would have been luxury goods 50 or 60 years ago.  Industrialization produces tax revenues which allow local, state and federal governments to improve cities and living conditions of city dwellers.

sAFKTpBI

 Based on the video and what we have learned so far:  Why do you think child labor laws were created? Do you think they are still necessary today?

 Read Chapter 25.4 and on page 740 answer questions 1-5

Key Idea: The Industrial Revolution led to economic, social and political reforms

Have your homework on your desk Write down three main ideas of this section

 Laissez faire is French for “let do” and refers to the economic policy of owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference.  Adam Smith defended the idea of a free economy in his book The Wealth of Nations.  Capitalism is an economic system in which factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit.  In the late 1700’s Jeremy Bentham introduced utilitarianism, the idea that government actions are only useful if they promote for the greater good.

 In socialism, the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.  Socialism was created to deal with the problems that were being created by industrialization and its leaders argued that government control of factories, mines and railroads would end poverty and promote equality.

 Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels write new type of socialism called Marxism in a 23 page pamphlet  They argued human societies have always been divided into two warring classes that resulted in conflict: › Bourgeoisie- “haves” or employers who are wealthy › Proletariat- “have not’s” or workers who are poor  Marx and Engels predicted that workers would overthrow the owners as they, “had nothing to lose but their chains”  Marx believed that capitalism would eventually destroy itself.  Communism is full form of socialism where ALL the means of production would be owned by the people.

 Union- group of workers that bargains with employer for better pay and working conditions  When there was no compromise workers went on strike  Strikes were designed to stop production

 Combination Acts outlawed unions and strikes but were ignored and repealed  Eventually union leaders were able to force political leaders to look into abuses being caused by industrialization.  Factory Act passed and said: › It was illegal to hire children under the age of 9. › Children ages 9-12 could not work more than 8 hours a day. › People ages could not work more than 12 hours a day.

 Reform didn’t stop at workers’ rights  Big push to abolish slavery 1. Britain 2. US – after Civil War 3. Latin America   Women’s rights Education & Prisons

 Europe’s industrialized countries gained more power  Europe began treating Africa and Asia like markets for their factories  This is called imperialism and looks a lot like colonization