Inner and East Asia, 600 – 1200

I. The Early Tang Empire, Tang Origins  Sui Dynasty (581 – 618)  Emperor Li Shimin  Extension of autonomy, Confucian examinations  Turkic culture/military

Buddhism and the Tang Empire  Presence of Buddhism, responsibility of king  Mahayana Buddhism dominant – facilitated cultural exchange  Early Tang dependence on Buddhist monasteries  Capital at Chang’an  Cosmopolitan - diversity, contacts with Inner Asia

 Roads, Grand Canal  Tributary system  Compass design, ocean vessels  Plague of Justinian To Chang’an by Land and Sea

Trade and Cultural Exchange  Cultural impact from Inner Asia/Islam  Clothing  Stringed instruments, food and wine  1000 CE exports exceeded imports – balance of trade  Silks, porcelain  Increased trade along Silk Road/Indian Ocean – traders use credit/finance networks

II. Rivals for Power in Inner Asia and China, 600 – 907 The Uighur and Tibetan Empire  Turks migrated from Mongolia westward  8 th century – Uighurs controlled Tarim Basin/Inner Asia  Cosmopolitan – merchants, scribes, art, religion  Fell quickly  Chinese pilgrims traveled through Tibet  Alphabet, art/architecture, medicine, math, farming

II. Rivals for Power in Inner Asia and China, 600 – 907, continued  643 – Tang princess Kongjo married Tibetan king – brought Mahayana Buddhism, increased contact between Tibet and Tang  Tibetan military strengths  Late 600s – Tang and Tibet competing from control over Inner Asia  Tibet reached into Chinese provinces  800 – Tibetan king wanted to do away with monasteries but assassinated by monks – further isolation

 New fears of Buddhism undermining Confucianism, Han Yu  Emperor Wu Zhao – favored Buddhism/Daoism, reviled by Confucian writers  Buddhists severed ties to this world  Edict of 845 – Tang destroyed thousands of temples, government gained new sources of revenue  Fall of Buddhism in Tang China Upheavals and Repression, 750 – 879

The End of the Tang Empire, 879 – 907  Empire dependent on local military rulers/complex tax system  755 – Rebellion led by General An Lushan, rise of military governors  Prosperity but political disintegration and cultural decay  879 – 881 – Huang Chao (gentry) led greatest uprising Hatred of foreigners  Warlords – mass migrations to the south

III. The Emergence of East Asia to 1200 Three new states: origins, beliefs The Liao and Jin Challenge  Liao Empire of Khitan (916 – 1121) – Siberia to Central Asia  Pastoral traditions, importance of Buddhism to emperor  Siege machines, horsemen  1005 – Song tribute to the Liao  Alliance with Jurchens of northeast Asia  Destruction of Liao capital in 1115  “Southern Song” (1127 – 1279) – Song make payments to Jin to avoid warfare

Song Industries  INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION???  Indian/West Asian mathematicians/astronomers – fractions/calendars  1088 – Su Song and giant celestial clock  Advances in magnetic compass  Junk ships – rudder, watertight bulkheads…copied in Persian Gulf  HUGE ARMY (1.25 million men) – half the territory of the Tang  Use of steel/iron – sources in the north  Government monopoly by 11 th c. – producing as much cast iron as 18 th c. Great Britain  Mass production  1100s - Gunpowder - impact

 Neo – Confucianism, Zhu Xi, ideal human – the sage  Chan Buddhism (Zen in Japan) – mental discipline  Rigorous examinations for bureaucratic offices  Social implications of scoring well/poorly on exams  Printing – woodblock to moveable type  Mass printing of books, exam materials, instructions on cultivation  Agriculture south of the Yangzi River, plow/rakes, control of malaria  Migration to the south, displacement of native people  1100 – population in Chinese territories over 100 million Economy and Society in Song China

 Large cities  Problems in cities – waste management, water supply, etc.  City of Hangzhou  Credit – “flying money”  Government issued paper money - inflation  Cost of military expenditures  Sold rights to collect taxes  New social hierarchy based on new sources of wealth – MODERN – growth of middle class and private capitalism seen in 18 th c. Europe  Women’s rights/education  Development of footbinding – status symbol

Foot Binding

IV. New Kingdoms in East Asia  Expanding Confucian world view targeted the south  Cultivation of rice needed structured society  Korea, Japan and Vietnam all centralized power during the Tang period – saw Buddhism and Confucianism as compatible

Korea  Mountains, little agricultural land  Early 500s - kingdom of Silla (south); power of landowners, Koguryo kingdom in north, after 688 Silla ruled but needed support of Tang  After early 900s (fall of Tang) house of Koryo united peninsula – alliance with the Song  Koryo kings supported Buddhism – woodblock printing from 700s  Process of woodblock printing, advances…

Japan Japan  Geography  Mid 600s Yamato followed Tang government  Architecture, Buddhism  No walls, Mandate of Heaven  Unchanging Tenno dynasty, role of prime minister and Shinto  Kyoto  Fujiwara family – cultural development, Confucianism  Power of warriors, civil war  Education of women – The Tale of Genji  Kamakura Shogunate – Buddhism, rise of samurai Japan

Vietnam  Red River and Mekong, irrigation systems  “Annam” – Confucian bureaucratic training, Mahayana Buddhism  936 – Dai Viet – good relations with Song  Rivalry wit Champa (south) – foreign influences  Champa and voluntary tribute – Champa rice  Confucian hierarchy – differences in treatment of women