The Industrial Revolution: Forging the Modern World

The Timeframe of Industrialization: England (1760s - ) Belgium (1830s - ) France (1850s - ) United States (1850s) Germany (1860s ) Russia (1890s) and so on…

Regional Specialization

Why Was England First? Economic and Technical Factors –Agricultural Improvements –Good Financial Institutions (Banks!) –Natural Resources (tin, coal, iron ore) –Transportation (canals 1760s - ) Brindley’s Aqueduct, Manchester

Why Was England First? Social and Political Factors –stable government –overseas colonies –population boom –good educational system = favorable climate for innovation Tea Plantations, Ceylon

Key Industries: Textiles Pre-industrial “cottage industry” – “putting out system”

James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny (1760s)

Spinning Jenny

Engraving of interior textile mill, bad conditions This engraving from Frances Trollope's Michael Armstrong, Factory Boy depicts the hardship of the times. Here a boy is tearfully leaving his family to work in a textile mill. (British Library) Engraving of interior textile mill, bad conditions Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Key Industries: Iron Mining Smelting Coke › pig iron » iron

Girl mine worker dragging coal This engraving of a girl dragging a coal wagon in the mines was one of several that accompanied a parliamentary report on working conditions in the mines. They shocked public opinion and contributed to the Mines Act of (British Lilbrary) Girl mine worker dragging coal Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Key Industries: Steam Thomas Newcomen’s Engine, ca James Watt’s invention, 1774

Key Industries: Transportation Canals (1760s) Turnpikes Railways (1825-)

Britain’s extensive canal network

The First Railways: Isambard Kingdom Brunel -- inventor Stockton-Darlington RR, 1825

Railway Stations: Cathedrals of Commerce St. Pancras Station, London

Issue #1: The Transformation of Labor The production of goods was increasingly: -centralized -efficient -done in volume

Industrial Labor: Factories created jobs that were: -repetitive -rigidly defined -run by the clock and machine

Issue #2: Consumer Revolutions Josiah Wedgwood, Potter

The Great Exhibition, 1851: The Crystal Palace, London

Issue #3: Sexual Division of Labor Gender-segregated jobs, lower wages Family wage = man Supplementary wage = women

Sexual Division of Labor in the Middle Class “Separate Spheres” for men and women

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Issue #4: Atitudes Toward the Poor Edwin Chadwick

Issue #5: Social Class New Relationships of Power: The owners (“bourgeoisie”) The laborers (“proletariat”) Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

The Communist Manifesto, 1848

How did Contemporaries Respond? William Morris ( )

Health/ Mortality Leisure Wages Personal Attitudes Food/ Diet Work Standard of Living

The Victorian Workhouse

Edwin Chadwick: “Uninviting places of wholesome restraint”