The Eastern Powers

How can we compare, contrast the eastern powers? How can we compare, contrast the eastern powers? What were their different responses to the West, modernity? What were their different responses to the West, modernity? Who made out, and who didn’t? Who made out, and who didn’t?

The Ottoman Empire The Eighteenth- century Problems The Eighteenth- century Problems Decentralization Janissary discipline declined Economically dependent on European demands Territories lost

The Ottoman Empire The Greek Revolt ( ) The Greek Revolt ( ) Fueled by nationalism, ideas of French Rev.Fueled by nationalism, ideas of French Rev. Ottomans, Egypt vs. Greeks, Great PowersOttomans, Egypt vs. Greeks, Great Powers Battle of Navarino (October 20, 1827)Battle of Navarino (October 20, 1827) Greek victory  Kingdom of Greece (1830)Greek victory  Kingdom of Greece (1830) Battle of Navarino

The Ottoman Empire Reforms of Mahmud II (r ) Reforms of Mahmud II (r ) Broke power of local rulersBroke power of local rulers New, European-styled army  elimination of Janissaries (1826)New, European-styled army  elimination of Janissaries (1826) Updated bureaucracyUpdated bureaucracy Embassies in EuropeEmbassies in Europe

The Ottoman Empire The Tanzimat ( ) The Tanzimat ( ) “Reorganization” along European, secular lines“Reorganization” along European, secular lines New trends and reformsNew trends and reforms OTTOMANISM OTTOMANISM New schools, outside control of ulama New schools, outside control of ulama New civil, penal codes New civil, penal codes Constitution (1876) Constitution (1876)

The Ottoman Empire Reaction of Abdul Hamid II (r ) Reaction of Abdul Hamid II (r ) “Pan-Islam,” rather than Ottomanism Suspended constitution Censoring, spies Brutal suppression of revolts

The Ottoman Empire Questions? Questions?

Russia The Decembrist Revolt (Dec. 14, 1825) The Decembrist Revolt (Dec. 14, 1825) Alexander I  Nicholas I (r ) Secret societies wanted reform, constitution Reform-minded troops revolted  failure

Russia Nicholas’s Program Nicholas’s Program Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationalityOrthodoxy, autocracy, nationality CensorshipCensorship Political policePolitical police “Gendarme of Europe”“Gendarme of Europe” Nicholas I

Russia Crimean War ( ) Crimean War ( ) Began over Orthodox rights, Russian claims in Ottoman EmpireBegan over Orthodox rights, Russian claims in Ottoman Empire Russia invaded Ottomans’ Danubian principalities  British, French declaration of warRussia invaded Ottomans’ Danubian principalities  British, French declaration of war Russian defeat!Russian defeat! Conclusion: Russia weak, backward!Conclusion: Russia weak, backward!

Russia Alexander II Reforms of Alexander II (r ) Reforms of Alexander II (r ) EMANCIPATION MANIFESTO (1861)EMANCIPATION MANIFESTO (1861) ZemstvosZemstvos Judicial (1864)Judicial (1864) Military (1874)Military (1874)

Russia Assassination of Alexander II (March 13, 1881) Assassination of Alexander II (March 13, 1881) Previous attemptsPrevious attempts The People’s WillThe People’s Will Bomb explosion  mortally woundedBomb explosion  mortally wounded

Russia Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood ( ), St. Petersburg

Russia Questions? Questions?

Japan The Tokugawa Shogunate ( ) The Tokugawa Shogunate ( ) Goal: maintain political stabilityGoal: maintain political stability Presided over period of growthPresided over period of growth Economic, agricultural prosperity Economic, agricultural prosperity Urbanization Urbanization High literacy rates High literacy rates

Japan The West Confronts Japan The West Confronts Japan Policy of isolation maintained Commodore Matthew Perry of U.S.A. arrived 1853 Demanded opening of ports Japan agreed The arrival of Commodore Perry

Japan Meiji Restoration (1868) Meiji Restoration (1868) Support for shogunate erodedSupport for shogunate eroded Civil war ( )  end of shogunateCivil war ( )  end of shogunate Power now “restored” to Emperor Meiji (r )Power now “restored” to Emperor Meiji (r ) New capital: TokyoNew capital: Tokyo Emperor Meiji

Japan Modernization – Japanese Style! Modernization – Japanese Style! Feudalism abolished  centralized stateFeudalism abolished  centralized state National army, navyNational army, navy Universal primary school systemUniversal primary school system ShintoShinto IndustrializationIndustrialization

Japan

Japan Japan and the World Japan and the World Victor in wars with China ( ), Russia ( ) First Asian state to defeat European power! West accepted it as equal player

Japan Questions? Questions?

China The Qing and the British The Qing and the British British confined to Guangzhou, lost considerably in trade exchangesBritish confined to Guangzhou, lost considerably in trade exchanges Requests for additional ports, presence in Beijing rejected (1793, 1816)Requests for additional ports, presence in Beijing rejected (1793, 1816) Solution to trade problem: opium  widespread addictionSolution to trade problem: opium  widespread addiction China’s trade surplus disappearedChina’s trade surplus disappeared

China Opium den

China The Opium Wars The Opium Wars First ( ), Second ( )First ( ), Second ( ) Began after opium banned, confiscated, destroyedBegan after opium banned, confiscated, destroyed China suffered British, French attacksChina suffered British, French attacks ConsequencesConsequences Hong Kong  British Hong Kong  British More ports open More ports open Extraterritoriality for Westerners Extraterritoriality for Westerners Nemesis destroying a junk

China The Qing The Qing No capable rulers Empress Dowager CIXI ( ) Regent for son, nephew Notorious for luxury, self-indulgence Blocked reform Cixi

China

China The Boxer Rebellion ( ) The Boxer Rebellion ( ) Captured and killed foreigners, missionaries Laid siege to embassies in Beijing Western powers, Japan captured Beijing

China

China The Revolution of 1911 The Revolution of 1911 Many called for overthrow of Qing, formation of republicMany called for overthrow of Qing, formation of republic Revolt (October 1911)  abdication of Xuantong (r )Revolt (October 1911)  abdication of Xuantong (r ) Republic of China declared 1912Republic of China declared 1912

China

China Questions? Questions?

The Eastern Powers How can we compare, contrast the eastern powers? How can we compare, contrast the eastern powers? What were their different responses to the West, modernity? What were their different responses to the West, modernity? Who made out, and who didn’t? Who made out, and who didn’t?