Wars of Decolonization

“The Natural State”? Thomas Hobbes- Terrible Leviathan Social contract required between government and people; people would submit their freedom and government would guarantee life. Influenced by English Civil War John Locke- Not so bad Two treatises of government Social contract required between government and people to guarantee property Influenced by UK’s Glorious Revolution Influenced US War of Independence

1. Independence

Causes Occupier becomes politically and/or economically weaker Occupied people become more politically and/or economically self-reliant Forces of nationalism get stronger Receive encouragement/help from the example of other countries in similar situations Native resentment at socio- economic advantages of occupiers increases Different ideological groups emerge but are united by a common cause Failure of occupiers to address these problems War happens when the status quo becomes so bad that to the majority of the native population, they would prefer to risk a period of instability

Causes France weakened by WWII Fehrat Abbas demands Algerian self-government in 1942 Forces of nationalism get stronger- anger at Setif Algerian nationalists encouraged by independence struggles in Indochina Native resentment at socio- economic advantages of Colons increase FLN formed- Nationalist coalition movement Failed French reforms following Brazzaville Conference War happens when the status quo becomes so bad that to the majority of the native population, they would prefer to risk a period of instability

2. After Independence, who rules?

Causes Occupier has left Initial euphoria subsides and realities of governing hit Unity of independence movement is broken and ideological divides renewed Ruling group focusses on nation building- infrastructure and security Look for sources of revenues and create alliances with like- minded countries Failure of ruling group to address these problems War happens when the status quo becomes so bad that to the majority of the population, they would prefer to risk a period of instability Former allies are pushed outside of the power structure- does not encourage national unity Failure to achieve leads to economic/political problems

Causes Chinese Empire collapses and China unified following Warlord period Jiang becomes leader of China 1.GMD threatened by popularity of CCP among workers in Shanghai and peasants 2.GMD weakened by WWII; CCP strengthened Jiang tries to modernize and industrialize a rural society as well as remove foreign influence 1. Creates alliance with isolationist USA but attacked by China- Civil War Freezes. 2. Relies on US in latter stages of WWII Failed to address needs of peasantry and fail to prevent inflation War happens when the status quo becomes so bad that to the majority of the population, they would prefer to risk a period of instability 1.CCP retreat to Jiangxi Soviet and then Shaanxi 2.CCP retreat to Manchuria GMD seen as corrupt and support base weakened by Japanese occupation

3. Wars of post-decolonization

Causes Established government in a region of political instability Country is attempting to become economically and politically independent and/or dominant in the region Forces of nationalism still active and becoming increasingly competitive An event happens to alter status quo in the region- introduction of a new ideology, power or economic development Established government(s) feel economically and/or politically threatened Established government(s) incite populations with nationalism and ideology to gain support for policies Failure of government(s) to retain control of actions and sentiment- eventually impact economics and/or politics War happens when the status quo becomes so bad that to the majority of the native population, they would prefer to risk a period of instability Involvement (or lack of) by other nations

Causes Ba'athists control Iraq- secular Sunni government in unstable region Most dominant Arab military following Iran-Iraq war- fought to eliminate Shiite Iran Saddam becoming an Arab Nationalist leader in the Middle East Kuwait and UAE refuse to forgive war debts or raise oil prices Saddam faced with growing economic crisis and assassination attempts Claims Kuwait are guilty of slant drilling and that it has always been Iraq’s “19 th province” Saddam overestimates US support; Kuwait and UAE believes he is bluffing; US fail to foresee that invasion is possible War happens when the status quo becomes so bad that to the majority of the native population, they would prefer to risk a period of instability Cold War ending and funding reduced.

What type of war? 1.Independence 2.Who rules? 3.Post-decolonization

Vietnam (American) War

Balkans Wars

Vietnamese-Cambodian War of 1976

Korean War

US War of Independence

Double Tenth Revolution

Falklands War

Islamic Revolution in Iran

Cuban Revolution

Arab-Israeli War of 1948

Chinese Civil War content that needs to be completed: Practices: Jiangxi Soviet and Jiang’s encirclement campaigns Long March Sino-Japanese War of 1937 and Second United Front Mao’s policies (including guerilla warfare) during Chinese Civil War Jiang’s policies (including conventional warfare) during Chinese Civil War CCP retreat into Manchuria Defeat of GMD Reasons for CCP Success/GMD defeat Effects: China, Asia, USSR and USA

Algeria content that needs to be covered: Practices: Guerilla tactics Battle of Algiers Role of de Gaulle ‘Barricades week’ Formation of OAS Effects: Algeria Colons Harkis France