Early Westward Expansion Unit 4 Notes

Louisiana Purchase  Moving Westward  With purchase of new territory from France (1803) – US doubled  Created new problems = conflicts with Native Americans

James Madison  4 th President; Democratic Republican party – elected in 1808

James Madison  War of 1812  War with Britain  Causes  British interference with American shipping (seizure of our ships & impressment of our sailors  American resentment of Britain because we believed the British in Canada were arming Native Americans and encouraging them to raid/attack American settlements  America wanted Canada and Florida

James Madison  War of 1812 (con’t)  Federalists OPPOSED War of 1812 & some call for secession (leaving) US & writing Constitutional amendments to forbid the war  Madison asked Congress for declaration of war in June 1812

James Madison  War of 1812 (con’t)  Major highlights of war =  Brits attacked and burned parts of Washington DC (White House and Capitol Building)  Andrew Jackson, American General became national hero at the Battle of New Orleans  Why war important – 1 st war fought as a nation  War ends with treaty & NO territory or land changed hands  Note: at battle in 1813 at Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Francis Scott Key wrote Star Spangled Banner (National Anthem of US)

James Madison  Era of Good Feeling (After War of 1812)  Nationalism increased  Federalist Party disappeared and was replaced with new political parties – Whigs and Know- Nothings  These parties formed to oppose the Democratic Republicans  Program proposed for internal improvements (roads, canals, railroads) to encourage nationalism & economic independence from foreign nations

James Madison  Era of Good Feelings (con’t)  McCullough v. Maryland (1819) – dealt with federal power over state power  Implied Power – suggested in Constitution, not actually written down  John Marshall concluded that Federal gov’t could chose any method that was “necessary and proper” to execute powers the Constitution had given it  With American victory after War of 1812 – we now had our eyes on Oregon Territory and Florida

Monroe Doctrine  James Monroe  5 th President – Democratic-Republican party; elected 1816

Monroe Doctrine  James Monroe (con’t)  Monroe delivered the Monroe Doctrine to Congress in 1823  Dealt with American foreign policy (relations) with Latin American and European powers  Monroe Doctrine was both a warning and a reassurance to European countries concerning their actions in the Western Hemisphere (the Americas)

Monroe Doctrine  What did Monroe Doctrine say?  The American continents should NOT be considered for future colonization by any European Power  Nations in the Western Hemisphere were different from nations in Europe  (Americas = republics not monarchies like European nations)  US would consider it a threat to its own peace and safety if any European power imposed their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere  US will NOT interfere in European affairs

Monroe Doctrine …the occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power. The citizens of the United States cherish sentiments the most friendly in favor of the liberty and happiness of their fellowman on [the European] side of the Atlantic. In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to themselves we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our policy so to do. It is only when our rights are invaded or seriously menaced that we resent injuries or make preparation for our defense. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the governments who had declared their independence and maintain it, and whose independence we have on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States…

Territorial Expansion (1800s – 1850s)  Creating the Borders of the USA  Original USA (13 colonies) – gained independence from British (1781)  Louisiana Purchase – bought from France (1803)  Doubled size of USA  Florida gained from Spanish (1819)

Territorial Expansion (1800s – 1850s)  Creating the Borders of the USA (con’t)  Oregon Territory (1846)  Boundaries = from Pacific Ocean to Rocky Mtns, includes present day Oregon, Washington, Idaho, parts of Wyoming and Montana  Land was disputed with British – became territory of USA in 1846

Territorial Expansion (1800s – 1850s)  Creating the Borders of the USA (con’t)  Texas (1830s – 1840s)  Land belonged to Mexico (Spanish)  Due to Americans moving into Texas – armed revolt against Mexico ruling over Texas  In 1836 Texas declared itself independent from Mexico and became Lone Star Republic

Territorial Expansion (1800s – 1850s)  Creating the Borders of the USA (con’t)  Texas (1830s – 1840s)  Battle of the Alamo  Group of 188 Texans fought to last man standing against a superior force of 2000 Mexicans  Battle of Alamo lost by Texans  Texans eventually victorious over Mexican troops  Texas brought into the Union in 1845  Took 10 years to be annexed or brought into the Union

Territorial Expansion (1800s – 1850s)  Creating the Borders of the USA (con’t)  Mexican Cession  Southern boundary between US and Mexico = Questionable???  Led to Mexican War in 1840s  America won war  With Treaty that ended the Mexican War – America gained full rights to California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona & parts of Colorado & New Mexico & disputed area of Texas

Territorial Expansion (1800s – 1850s)  Creating the Borders of the USA (con’t)  Gadsden Purchase  US got rest of Arizona and New Mexico (paid $10 million to Mexico)  This established the current boundary for lower 48 states in USA

Territorial Expansion (1800s – 1850s)  Creating the Borders of the USA (con’t)  By 1853 the US completed expansion across the continent  US boundaries stretch from Atlantic to Pacific Oceans

Territorial Expansion (1800s – 1850s)  Manifest Destiny

Trail of Tears  Problems with Native Americans

Changes due to Westward Expansion  Improved Transporation  Roads  Need to link nation together  Federal gov’t built National Road in 1811 (linked Maryland to Illinois) and was completed in 1838  States constructed turnpikes with tolls

Changes due to Westward Expansion  Improved Transportation (con’t)  Water  Invention of steamboat by Robert Fulton  Carried passengers and goods with quickness and efficiency

Changes due to Westward Expansion  Improved Transportation (con’t)  Water  Erie Canal completed in 1825  Connected Hudson River to Lake Erie and that meant the Atlantic Ocean was connected to the Great Lakes  Reduced travel from 20 days 6 days  Used locks to raise/lower ship to connect canal across hills and valleys

Changes due to Westward Expansion  Improved Transportation (con’t)  Rail  Railroads were faster than roads and could be used in all kinds of weather

Changes due to Westward Expansion  Outcome of Better Transportation  Created national economy  Can buy goods from distant places  Helped more settlers move west

Economic Development  Cotton Gin  Most southern planters made little profit from cotton and slave labor  In 1793 Eli Whitney invented cotton gin  This invention greatly changed south and slavery

Economic Development  Impact of Cotton Gin  “Cotton is King” was the phrase that defined the south  Cotton became the South’s major export  Britain became the major importer of the south’s cotton