Discussion Questions 4/6 1.Which approach toward European Unity was most successful, the political or the economic? Why? 2.How did Europe accomplish economic recovery after WWII? Which factors contributed to its growth? 3.Stalin’s death resulted in a de- Stalinization of Russia. How would you judge Stalin’s place in Russian History?

The Cold War Political and Beyond

French Republic Charles de Gaulle takes over after WWII Purged collaborators (Vichy) –Executions!

Fourth Republic Ceremonial president Prime minister in charge –National assembly

5 th Republic New constitution 1958 De Gaulle elected president –President becomes fulcrum of power –Power in foreign affairs and national defense –President named his MP –Right to call new elections –Dissolve national assembly –Assume emergency powers

France Under de Gaulle Ended wars with colonies Govt stability Economic prosperity –5 th highest industrial power –Behind USA, USSR, W. Germ, Japan 1960 – 4 th nation to gain nuclear power –USA, USSR, Brits

May 1968 Grievances in over crowded universities sparked a revolt Demonstrations of thousands –10 million works joined the strike –Paralyzed economy –Threatened govt But de Gaulle comes through –Unrest dies down –Educational changes came about –But economy hurt

End of de Gaulle 1969 loses election Retires Dies a year later

Federal Republic of Germany Nuremberg Trials Denazification –Couldn’t punish everyone Central area of the cold war “social market economy” –Benefits

New Govt President – indirectly elected –Figure head Chancellor – real head of state Could only get seats in govt if political party got 5% of popular vote

Economy GATT –General agreement on Trade and Tariffs –1948 –23 nations (west) –Later WTO (world trade organization) 1997 IMF –International Monetary Fund –Loans to govt World Bank –International Bank for Reconstruction and Development –Long-term loans to govts for economic development –Major funding by USA

European Unity European Coal and Steel Community –1952 –Designed by Monnet –France, W. Germ, Italy, 3 Benelux nations –Eliminated import duties and quotas The Common Market –March 1957 –Treaty of Rome –Created large free trade area or custom union –European Economic Community –Based in Brussels –Remove tariff barriers –Same social and political policies

End of Stalin March 1953 – dies Killed 20 million during his reign

Khrushchev Long time party member To gain support issues a “thaw” –Restrained secret police –Corroborated Stalin’s crime But really not that “thaw”ed –1958 Boris Pasternak Had to refuse Nobel Prize for Dr. Zhivago Individual freedom and condemned soviet society

De-Stalinization Cities renamed –Stalingrad – Volgograd Stalin’s body taken out of Lenin’s tomb Buried outside the Kremlin walls

Decentralization Attempting to loosen tight central economic control Created regional economic councils Factory managers had more autonomy

Advances H-Bomb Launch Sputnik 1958 –1 st satellite Built 1 st ICBMs Economy second only to USA

Berlin Wall 1961 Russians build Berlin Wall –Symbolizes a world divided into two camps –Prevent people from leaving East Berlin

Khrushchev’s Fall 1962 – Cuban missile crisis –Retreated in Cuba –Seemed to hard liners given up to USA Also clashed openly with China