A History of Western Society Tenth Edition CHAPTER 28 Dictatorships and the Second World War, 1919–1945 Amended by A. PLAZA Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s John P. McKay ● Bennett D. Hill John Buckler ● Claire Haru Crowston Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks ● Joe Perry

I. Authoritarian States KQ: How did radical totalitarian dictatorships differ from conservative authoritarianism, and in what ways were communism and fascism totalitarian systems? A. Conservative Authoritarianism and Radical Totalitarian Dictatorships 1. Conservative Authoritarianism: antidemocratic w/ roots back in 19 th C. Examples = _ 2. Fascist Governments: new, modern, forward looking & aspired to reinvent society & man. 3. Totalitarianism – term invented by Mussolini; a)regimes that claimed “total” rule over citizens’ lives and _, _ & _ b)States used violence, propaganda, censorship to ensure conformity & obedience to a _ leader.

4. Characteristics of Communist and Fascist Dictatorships Totalitarian Regimes Single- party rule Use propaganda & censorship Repressive secret police Anti- individualist Social engineering Suppressed civil liberties Punished deviation

B. Communism and Fascism 1.Societal Visions Communism/ Stalinism _ unity of workers _ classes _ private property Rapid industrialization Collectivized _Killed millionsFascism & Nazism _ unity behind charismatic ldrs. _ classesGlorified nation & _Attacked _ class orgs. Intervened in economy Sought racial homogeneity, using eugenics

2.Race and Eugenics = pseudoscience in the search for a volksgemeinschaft by Nazis, who persecuted _, _, _, _ & _ 3.Mutual Enmity: Fascists were rabid anticommunists; Stalin sent Soviet troops to fight in Spanish Civil War ( ) to oppose Fascists’ ally, _ 4.Similarity: Dictators ruled with vast, modern state bureaucracies. 5.KQ: What was the foundation of their rule: terror + coercion or popular consent + material incentives?

II. Stalin's Soviet Union KQ: How did Stalin and the Communist Party build a modern totalitarian state in the Soviet Union? Stalin & Communist Elite Constant propaganda Enormous human sacrifices Purges & executions Rewards for loyalty to Communist Party

A. From Lenin to Stalin (1879–1953) 1. March 1921: The New Economy Policy (NEP) replaced war communism b/c seizing grain & persecuting peasants had devastated agriculture; famine ensued. 2. Lenin’s Succession (d. 1924) Trotsky’s advantages _ & _ insufficient. 3. Stalin’s Triumph ( Dec. 1927) due to: a)Skill at organizing _ b)Ideology of “socialism in _ _” B. The Five-Year Plans 1. The First Five-Year Plan, 1928 aimed to make up for Soviet _ vis-à-vis the West. 2. Collectivization (1929) and the Kulaks destined to be _ 3. The Cost of Collectivization: Ukrainian famine = 6M died 4. Industrialization: Gosplan quadrupled output

War Communism: V.I. Lenin, “Hanging Order,”

C. Life and Culture in Soviet Society 1. Daily Life - difficult, shortages, internal passports. + Benefits = _ 2. Personal Advancement – if one acquired _. 3. Women’s Roles and lives changed in what ways? 4. Politicized Culture – intellectuals rewrote history to reengineer human minds: a)Disseminated cult of _ for Stalin. b)Persecuted religion c)Exalted ordinary _ & _ nationalism

“Our program is realistic because it is you and me working together.”

D. Stalinist Terror and the Great Purges 1.The Kirov Murder of Stalin’s #2 (1934) led to purges 2.The Great Purges ( ) combined w/ show trials 3.The Purges’ Mysterious Origins: Stalin’s paranoia spread to mass hysteria of willing collaborators.  1.5M new members of CCCP experienced upward social mobility & loyalty + fear were reinforced. 4.GULAG system of forced labor prison camps swells w/ 8M arrests.  View online exhibit:

III. Mussolini and Fascism in Italy KQ: How did Mussolini’s dictatorship come to power & govern Italy? A. The Seizure of Power 1. The Weaknesses of Liberal Italy 2. The Postwar Crisis: Why did social unrest destabilize the liberal parliamentary regime of Italy? 3. Benito Mussolini (1883–1945) 4. The Seizure of Power

III. Mussolini and Fascism in Italy B. The Regime in Action 1.Seeming Moderation ( ) 2.April 1924: New Electoral Law gave Fascists 2/3 of Parliament, although they only won over half the seats. 3.The Matteotti Murder (June 10, 1924) and its Aftermath 4.Popular Support: Where did Mussolini draw his support? 5.The Lateran Agreement (1929) 6.Characteristics of Fascist Italy

KQ: Why was imperialism important to Fascists? KQ2: How did the Italo- Ethiopian War demonstrate a breakdown in collective security? KQ3: What signal would this send to Hitler?

IV. Hitler and Nazism in Germany KQs: How did Hitler gain power? A. The Roots of National Socialism 1. The Origins of Hitler’s Worldview (1889–1945) 2. The Impact of WWI – fueled nationalist revisionism. 3. The Nazi Party (created in 1920) 4. The Beer Hall Putsch (1923) B. Hitler's Road to Power [PS: Nazi Party Program, 1920] 1. Mein Kampf (My Struggle), The Rise of National Socialism 3. The Nazi Seizure of Power

Hitler’s political propaganda (1925)

Political Parties in the Reichstag May 1924 Dec May 1928 Sep July 1932 Nov Mar Communist Party (KPD) Social Democratic Party (SDP) Catholic Centre Party (BVP) Nationalist Party (DNVP) Nazi Party (NSDAP) Other Parties Weimar Republic: Elections to the Reichstag ( )

Paramilitary Forces: Sturmabteilung (SA) – Brown Shirts Headed by Ernst Rohm 3M mbrs. In 1934

Reichstag Fire (Feb. 1933) Blamed on Communists during electoral campaign

Enabling Act (March 1933)  Nazis controlled Reichstag following arrest of communists & socialists.  Suspended the Weimar constitution  Allowed Nazi laws to pass w/o parliamentary approval.  Middle-class GRs approved of the Enabling Act as a solution to their country’s economic & political probs. KQ: What policies did Nazi GR pursue?

Nazi State Terror

Night of the Long Knives (June 30, 1934)

Nuremberg Laws (1935) Deprived Jews of citizenship, defining Jews as anyone w/ one Jewish grandparent. Ended benefits for Jewish war veterans. Prohibited marriage bet. Jews & Germans.

Kristallnacht (Nov. 9-10, 1938)

Jewish Emigration Jews were encouraged by Nazis to leave until WW2. Forced to sell property below value. 300,000 / 500,000 German Jews emigrated by Required to purchase expensive “passports” to leave Germany.

T4 Euthanasia Project Prelude to the mass exterminations of the Holocaust Targeted elderly, handicapped, and Jews. 200,000 Germans were put to death by gassing. st/t4.htmlhttp:// st/t4.html

C. State and Society in Nazi Germany 1. Consolidating Power 2. “Coordination” 3. The SA Purge – “Night of the Long Knives” 4. The Racial State 5. The Nuremberg Laws (1935) 6. Kristallnacht (November 9, 1938)

D. Popular Support for National Socialism 1. Economic Recovery 2. The Volksgemeinschaft (People’s Community) 3. Gender 4. Opponents:

German Unemployment ( )

Volkswagen Ad, 1938 by Strength through Joy Org. KQ: What does the image suggest about the aspirations of ordinary Germans? KQ2: Why both the govt. & manufacturers attached “Volk” (People) to products?  Not one car was sold to a private consumer, due to high cost.

Italy invades Ethiopia (1935)  Emperor Haile Selassie KQ: What lessons did Hitler draw from the Feeble response of the League of Nations?

E. Aggression and Appeasement [DBQ #21 worksheet] 1. Aggressive Actions a)1933 – Enabling Act voted. GR withdrawal from _ b)1935 – Rearmed GR in violation of _ c)March 1936 – Remilitarized the _ d)1936 – formed the _-_ Axis e) – Nazi GR intervened in _ _ _ f)March 1938 – Fate of Austria = _ g)Sept _ _ granted GR control of Sudetenland in _ h)March 1939 – Hitler occupied all of _ i)Aug Hitler signed non-agression pact with _ j)Sept. 1,1939 – Hitler invaded _ launching WW2. 2. Appeasement caused by _ & fear that the real threat came from _

Germany Remilitarizes Rhineland (March 7, 1936)

Rome-Berlin Axis (1936) Pact of Steel (1939)

Austrian Anschluss (1938)

Sudetenland Question

Munich Conference (Sept. 29, 1938): Appeasement British PM Neville Chamberlain. Watch online:

Growth of Nazi Germa ny,

Poland after WWI

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (August 23,1939) Molotov signing while von Ribbontrop & Stalin look on.

Conclusion September 1, 1939: Hitler launched blitzkrieg on Poland to continue his plans for conquering Lebensraum and to enrich the Aryan peoples, while eliminating racially inferior Slavs. Did Allied appeasement embolden Hitler to launch World War II? Could Nazi aggression have been stopped earlier?

V. The Second World War KQ: How did Germany create an enormous empire? How was it defeated by the Allies? AIM: Cooperate Learning by trios. Prepare a 10 minute presentation of your assigned topic. Roles: –Motivator will keep group focused & watch time. –Moderator will organize speaking order & transitions –Scribe ensures that key points/ terms are explained

Two Phases: (German dominance) (Allied advantage & victory) A. German Victories in Europe B. Europe Under Nazi Occupation 1. The New Order 2. Occupation Policies 3. The War of Annihilation: extermination, enslavement, expulsion. 4. Belarus : genocide 5. Resistance : was limited to _ & had marginal impact

V. The Second World War C. The Holocaust (the Murder of 6 Million Jews) 1. Euthanasia 2. Ghettos and Death Squads 3. The Final Solution 4. Perpetrators and Motivations

Concentration & Extermination Camps

V. The Second World War D. Japanese Empire and the War in the Pacific 1. Racial-Imperial Ambitions 2. The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 3. The Japanese Offensives

V. The Second World War E. The "Hinge of Fate" = Battle of _ _ 1. The Grand Alliance 2. The Russian Contribution 3. Allied Victories a) El Alamein b) Algeria c) Stalingrad d) Sicily e) Rome f) Normandy

V. The Second World War F. Allied Victory 1. Increased German War Production ( ) 2. The Anglo-American Invasion 3. The Soviet Invasion 4. The War in the Pacific a) Turning Point = 1943 with successful American _-_ campaign b) Japanese surrender followed detonation of _ on Hiroshima & Nagasaki, Aug. 6, 9, 1945.