Human Globetrotting as a Human Right? “Migration is not a criminal act. It’s a universal right: the right to seek work and the right to travel freely.

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Presentation transcript:

Human Globetrotting as a Human Right? “Migration is not a criminal act. It’s a universal right: the right to seek work and the right to travel freely from one place to another.” –Jose Luis Gutierrez, Mayor of Ecatepec, Mexico, quoted in L.A. Times, Jan 31, 2008.

Questions to Consider? Why does the notion of “migration as a right” work differently for certain immigrants? Again, in considering the same question: What’s the essential difference between, soldiers of fortune, explorers, captains of industry, pilgrims, adventurers, royalists who were given charters by the English Crown versus, e.g., Mexican, Chinese, and Japanese immigrants?

Immigration in the 20s Rebirth of kkk Fear of radicalism Eugenic aesthetic Sacco and Vanzetti Immigration Restriction Leagues Immigration Restriction Act 1921/1924 Ellis Island Myth

Nativist Sentiments Run High Resurgence of the KKK, 19

Fear of Political Radicalism

Sacco and Vanzetti – Intersection of the fear of radicalism, anti-immigration sentiment, and eugenics

Used in congressional hearing in 1921 and 1924 Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race (1916) Carl Brigham, A Study of American Intelligence (1924)

Immigration Restriction and Other Eugenicists: Prescott Hall, Charles Davenport, Harry Laughlin

Immigration Restriction Results in 1921 Emergency Quota Act – 3% of number of foreign born according to 1910 Census, which results accepting ca. 55% from Northern and Western Europe and ca. 45% from other nations (As of 1917 Asiatic Barred Zone excludes all Asians from migrating except for Filipinos and Japanese) 1924 Immigration Restriction Act (Johnson-Reed Act) informed by Eugenics results in 2% of foreign born according to 1890 Census, which was before the arrival of the bulk of S. and E. Europeans. (Leads to 85% N/W European migration). Excludes all Asians except Filipinos.

Lady Liberty

Ellis Island North

Castle Garden, NY

El Paso, Texas

Angel Island, 1910

Key Periods in Mexican American History Pre-1848 After Mexican-American War Mexican Revolution 1910 WWI/Depression Years and Repatriation WWII and Mexican American Generation Sleepy Lagoon Murder Case 1942/Zoot Suit Riots1943 Bracero Program 1942

Key Periods in Mexican History Pre 1848: Mexican Independence (Victoria, Guerro, Herrera) U.S. surplus investment builds infrastructure; displaces local economy; helps to create workers on the move (COMING and GOING)) After Mexican-American War : low immigration; Gold Rush Displaces local Californios and Mexicans; foreign miner’s tax; massive shift in ethnic population from Spanish-speaking peoples to Anglo; Homestead Act, 1862 disregards Mexican land grants (LEAVING) Porfiriato 1870s;1880s modernization (COMING AND GOING) Mexican Revolution 1910: increased immigration along side self- repatriation after Revolution (COMING AND GOING) WWI: need for labor; many self-repatriate due to conscription (COMING AND GOING) Depression: Severe econ. Situation; Official repatriation (GO) WWII: need for labor (COME) Bracero Program s: (Go); 1960s and ‘70s (COME); 1980s (COME) w/ 2 million receiving Amnesty; 1990s (COME/ US policy NAFTA) (GO/Public Sentiment);21 st : (GO)

Migration and Web of Industrial Capitalism

Mexican Repatriation, 1929, LA Union Station

Filipino Pensionados

First Wave, ; Pinoys

Filipino Cannery Union, 1930s – “Alaskeros”