MAPS

 Hydrosphere = water  Atmosphere = air & gases around Earth  Cryosphere = ice  Biosphere = all living things  Geosphere = rocky part of the Earth  Exosphere = space SPHERES OF THE EARTH

 Latitude and Longitude are lines on the globe used to determine locations. DETERMINING LOCATIONS

 Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees  Lat = flat  EQUATOR is 0 degrees latitude LATITUDE/EQUATOR

 Longitude is the distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, measured in degrees.  Longitude = LONG  PRIME MERIDIAN = 0 degrees longitude; found in Greenwich, England LONGITUDE/PRIME MERIDIAN

MAP PROJECTIONS

 No matter what kind of map is made, some part of the surface will always be too small, too big, or out of place.  All maps are inaccurate in some way.  Mapmakers have found ways to limit the distortions. This is how we get different MAP PROJECTIONS. MAPS AND MAPPING

 1569  All lines are parallel and perpendicular  Poles have extreme distortion MERCATOR PROJECTION

 1960s  Meridians curve more gently  Poles are still distorted ROBINSON PROJECTION

ROBINSON PROJECTION DISTORTION

TYPES OF MAPS

 Geologic = shows where natural resources and geologic features are located  Minerals  Groundwater GEOLOGIC

 Hazard = shows where hazards are HAZARD

 Political = shows political boundaries, like cities, states, and countries POLITICAL

 Physical = shows changes in elevation with colors PHYSICAL

 Topographic = shows relief using contour lines for elevations TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

 CONTOUR LINES = lines on a topographic map that show elevations  CONTOUR INTERVAL = the distance in elevation between adjacent contour lines  INDEX CONTOUR = bold color lines that show equal distances TOPO VOCAB