-presents- EEn Predict the locations of volcanoes, earthquakes, and faults based on information contained in a variety of maps.

Before we begin our lesson, let’s practice review using an instrument that many mathematicians use called a protractor. As you study Earth Science and mapping, you’ll see how knowledge of angles is essential to your lesson! Let’s start by going to the following website: /mentalmaths/protractor.html

Cartographers use an imaginary grid of parallel lines and vertical lines to locate points on Earth. The equator circles Earth halfway between the north and south poles separating Earth into two equal halves called the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. Cartography is the science of mapmaking. Latitude and Longitude For thousands of years, people have used maps to define borders and to find places. Latitude and Longitude

Latitude Lines of latitude are lines running parallel to the equator. Latitude and Longitude Latitude is the distance in degrees north or south of the equator.

0 0 Latitude (Equator) The area north of the equator is called the Northern Hemisphere. The area south of the equator is called the Southern Hemisphere.

0 0 Latitude (Equator) 90 0 N Latitude 90 0 S Latitude 30 0 N Latitude 60 0 N Latitude 30 0 S Latitude 60 0 S Latitude

Angle of Latitude

– Each degree of latitude is equivalent to about 111 km (almost 70 miles) on Earth ’ s surface. – To locate positions on Earth more precisely, cartographers break down degrees of latitude into 60 smaller units, called minutes (´). – A minute of latitude can be further divided into seconds (´´). – Longitude is also divided into degrees, minutes, and seconds.

Longitude To locate positions in east and west directions, cartographers use lines of longitude, also known as meridians. Latitude and Longitude Longitude is the distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian. The prime meridian, representing 0° longitude, is the reference point for longitude.

Longitude Latitude and Longitude The area East of the Prime Meridian is known as the Eastern Hemisphere.

Longitude Latitude and Longitude ``` The area West of the Prime Meridian is known as the Western Hemisphere.

Points west of the prime meridian are numbered from 0° to 180° west longitude (W). Points east of the prime meridian are numbered from 0° to 180° east longitude (E). Longitude – Lines of longitude are not parallel; they are large semicircles that extend vertically from pole to pole.

Longitude The distance between Lines of Longitude vary. The distance between lines of longitude are greatest near the equator and smallest near the poles.

Use your laptop to complete the mini-lab on page 29. You may work in the work-groups you were in on Friday. Use the website:

Time Zones Latitude and Longitude 15 o 45 o 75 o 105 o 135 o 165 o 195 o 225 o 255 o 285 o 315 o 345 o

Time Zones Because Earth takes about 24 hours to rotate once on its axis, it is divided into 24 times zones, each representing a different hour. Latitude and Longitude

Time Zones Each time zone is 15° wide, corresponding roughly to lines of longitude. Latitude and Longitude Time zone boundaries have been adjusted in local areas for convenience.

Time Zones There are six different time zones in the United States. Latitude and Longitude Note: Each day ends (and the next begins at the stroke of midnight. * Each time zone experiences this transition from one day to the next…with the calendar advancing toward midnight.

Time Zones Calendar Dates Latitude and Longitude – Each time you travel through a time zone, you gain or lose time, eventually gaining or losing an entire day. – The International Date Line, or 180° meridian, serves as the transition line for calendar days.

Time Zones Calendar Dates Latitude and Longitude – Traveling west across the International Date Line, you would advance your calendar one day. – Traveling east, you would move your calendar back one day. N S E W

Answer Questions 1-4 on the section assessment on page 31

Types of Maps Maps are flat models of a three-dimensional object, Earth. All flat maps distort to some degree either the shapes or the areas of landmasses. Cartographers use projections to make maps. A map projection is made by transferring points and lines on a globe ’ s surface onto a sheet of paper.

A conic projection is a map made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone. The cone touches the globe at a particular line of latitude along which there is very little distortion in the areas or shapes of landmasses. Distortion is evident near the top and bottom of the projection.

A gnomonic projection is a map made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a piece of paper that touches the globe at a single point. Gnomonic projections distort direction and distance between landmasses. Gnomonic projections are useful in plotting long-distance trips by air or sea.

A Mercator projection is a map that has parallel lines of latitude and longitude.

Topographic maps are detailed maps showing the elevations of hills and valleys of an area. – A contour line connects points of equal elevation.

Topographic Maps Contour Intervals – Topographic maps use contour lines to show changes in elevation. – The contour interval is the difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines. – The contour interval is dependent on the terrain.

Topographic Maps Depression Contour Lines – Depression contour lines are used to represent features that are lower than the surrounding area. – On a map, depression contour lines have hachures, or short lines at right angles to the contour line that point toward the lower elevation, to indicate depressions.