The Endocrine System By Shaila Essley & Isabella Urdiales Guzman

What Does it Do?: Function of the Endocrine System -Regulates the activities of the other systems -Use chemical signals when they respond to changes that could threaten homeostasis -5 main functions: regulate metabolism, maintain salt,water, and nutrient balance in the blood, control responses to stress, regulate growth, development, reproduction, & produce hormones

Keep it Together: Homeostasis and its Role -Human body constantly undergoes changes -Homeostasis aims to maintain internal levels that may be offset by these changes -Endocrine System releases hormones to aid homeostasis

A Negative Can Be Good: Negative Feedback Loops - Maintains homeostasis by “reversing” a change within in the body - If one factor is increased, a hormone will be released to decrease this factor - If one factor is decreased, a hormone will be released to increase the factor Ex: Glucose Regulation

Hormones ❏ Small chemical messengers ❏ Excreted by glands ❏ Secreted directly into bloodstream, that are then carried to organs and tissues ❏ Control different aspects of the bodily functions: -Development and growth -Metabolism -Sexual function -Cognitive function -Temperature and thirst

Now Put It All Together: Human Body, Glands, & Hormones -Endocrine glands secrete their products into the bloodstream that delivers them throughout the body -Only certain cells (target cells) can respond to certain hormones - When they respond, the hormone and receptor protein bind together like a key & lock

Now Put It All Together: Human Body, Glands, & Hormones Posterior Pituitary ❏ The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland ❏ Secretes these hormones: ❏ Antidiuretic (ADH): Water reabsorption by kidneys Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contraction & milk letdown ❏ Hormones are created in the hypothalamus & released in the posterior pituitary Anterior Pituitary ❏ The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland Secretes these hormones: ❏ Thyroid stimulating (TSH): stimulates thyroid ❏ Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH): Stimulates adrenal cortex ❏ Gonadotropic (FSH, LH): egg, & sperm production ❏ Sex hormone production: Prolactin (PL)- milk, Growth (GH) bone growth, protein synthesis, and cell division ❏ Regulates: stress, growth,reproduction,and lactation

Now Put It All Together: Human Body, Glands, & Hormones Parathyroids ❏ Group of 4 small glands located behind the thyroid ❏ Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) ❏ Control calcium and phosphorus levels in the body Thyroid ❏ Located in the front of the neck ❏ Controls metabolism in both men and women ❏ Secretes Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) ❏ Controls heart function and digestion ❏ Promotes brain development and bone health ❏ Maintains metabolism and muscle control

Now Put It All Together: Human Body, Glands, & Hormones Hypothalamus -Releases and inhibits hormones -Regulates the anterior pituitary - Thyrotropic-releasing hormone -Growth hormone-releasing hormone -Corticotropin-releasing hormone -Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Pancreas ❏ Functions as an endocrine gland -Made up of small bundles of cells called islets of Langerhans -Capillaries run through islets carrying hormones to the rest of the body -It secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon -2 endocrine cells make up the islet: alpha cells and beta cells -Alpha cells produce glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels -Beta cells produce insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels

Now Put It All Together: Human Body, Glands, & Hormones Adrenal Glands  Located on top of the kidneys  Helps control blood sugar  Secretes the following: ❏ Cortisol ❏ Aldosterone ❏ Adrenaline ❏ Noradrenaline

Now Put It All Together: Human Body, Glands, & Hormones Ovaries ❏ Female reproductive system ❏ Produces estrogen and progesterone ❏ Promotes breast development and healthy menstrual cycle Testes ❏ Two small oval-shaped organs ❏ Male reproductive system ❏ Produce testosterone ❏ This hormone Is responsible For sex drive, Muscle develop- Ment, facial Hair, and erections

Break Down of Disorders (A.K.A. The Really Long List) Pituitary Disorders: -Acromegaly - excessive production of GH (due to tumor production) -Galactorrhea - production of milk whether needed or not (possibly due to medication or tumors such as prolactinomas) -Cushing's syndrome - pituitary adenomas increases production of ACTH which causes adrenal gland to increase production of cortisol; manifests as "moon face," "buffalo hump," and striae Thyroid Disorders: -Myxedema - decrease in function of thyroid resulting from TSH and TRH deficits -Endemic goiter - thyroid gland enlarges as a result of lack of iodine (follicle accumulates unusable colloid) -Cretinism - genetic deficiency of fetal thyroid gland in infants Grave's disease - antibodies act against component of follicle cell membrane (decrease secretion of thyroid hormone) -Hypothyroidism - occurs when thyroid does not secrete enough thyroid hormones -Hyperthyroidism - occurs when thyroid secretes too many thyroid hormones Adrenal Disorders: -Addison's disease - hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids -Cushing's disease - caused by tumor within adrenal cortex causes increased production of cortisol Parathyroid Disorders: -Hyperparathyroidism - results from gland tumor, increases blood calcium levels and causes depressed nervous system and kidney stones -Hypoparathyroidism - results in PTH deficiency and causes increase in excitability of neurons Pancreatic Disorders: -Diabetes mellitus - two types: Type I (IDDM) - no insulin activity - increase blood glucose levels; Type II (NIDDM) - inadequate amount of insulin or problem with insulin receptors -Hyperinsulinism - excessive excretion of insulin, results in decreased blood glucose levels, hypoglycemia.

What Can go Wrong?: Diabetes Diabetes (Pancreatic Disorder) -The most common endocrine disease in the United States -The body doesn't process glucose properly -Attributed to a lack of insulin -can be linked to obesity, diet and family history -Treated with pills or insulin injections -Blood glucose testing -Healthy eating and exercise -Pills/insulin help patients meet their target blood glucose

What Else Can Go Wrong?: Hypo/Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism: -Occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone -Leads to fatigue, constipation, dry skin, and depression Hyperthyroidism: -Occurs when the thyroid produces too many thyroid hormones -Leads to weight loss, fast heart rate, sweating, and nervousness

Works Cited "Adrenal Glands: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 5 Aug Web. 29 May "Endocrine System: Facts, Functions and Diseases." LiveScience. TechMedia Network, n.d. Web. 24 May2016. "Feedback Loops." Starting Point. Carleton College, 26 Sept Web. 18 May Mader, Sylvia S. Biology. 10th ed. Dubuque, IA: W.C. Brown, Print. "The Endocrine System." The Endocrine System. Georgia Highlands College, Web. 24 May "The Testicles." We Are Macmillan Cancer Support. Macmillan Cancer Support, 1 Aug Web. 27 May < s.aspxs.aspx> "Treatment & Care." American Diabetes Association. American Diabetes Association, Web. 24 May 2016.

Works Cited What Is the Endocrine System's Function? Learn at Hormone.org Today!" Hormone Health Network. Endocrine Society, Web. 23 May Zimmerman, Kim Ann. "Endocrine System: Facts, Functions and Diseases." LiveScience. TechMediaNetwork, 11 Mar Web. 24 May 2016.